发展中国家的汇率制度选择

汇率制度是一国汇率政策的主要内容之一，是指一国当局对本国汇率变动的可能、形式、频率和幅度所作的一系列原则规定。布雷顿森林体系崩溃后，西方主要国家实行浮动汇率制，已呈现为一种长期化的局面。在这种情况下，摆在众多发展中国家面前的一个重大现实问题便是如何重新确定本国的汇率制度。中国作为一个发展中国家，人民币汇率制度迄今也仍是一个悬而未决的问题。研究发展中国家的汇率制造选择问题，对人民币汇率制度的改革无疑可提供借鉴意义。     

分析两极汇率制度与人民币汇率制度的选择

2005年人民币汇率形成机制的调整引起了国内外的多方争论.随着我国经济的发展及各项改革的推进,人民币汇率制度改革也会进一步深化.本文主要从两极汇率制度在我国的适用性进行分析,进而考虑中国应该选择的汇率制度.     

发展中国家的汇率制度市场化研究

为了融入世界经济的主流,汇率制度的市场化是当前国际经济一体化背景下对发展中国家提出的共同要求。本文拟从汇率制度的市场化角度入手,分析东南亚货币危机所能够带来的启发和思考。 一 固定汇率制与浮动汇率制的选择与汇率制度的市场化 从东南亚货币危机的实际运行情况看,东南亚地区普遍实行的与美元挂钩的固定汇率制度不能     

发展中国家汇率制度选择的困境与对策

在经济金融全球化的趋势下，发展中国家应通过设定汇率目标区或采取不事先公布干预方式的管理浮动，加强区域性货币合作和限制投机性资本流动，以适当的汇率弹性和央行干预克服汇率内外稳定机制的偏差，促使两者的协调与完善，从而确保汇率稳定和经济持续增长。     

汇率制度与汇率制度选择理论

随着中国汇率制度的改革,让我们逐渐的认识到只有适合自己的汇率制度才是最好的汇率制度.了解世界汇率制度的变革,及各种制度选择的优缺点我国汇率制度的进一步改革有着更为重要的意义.     

从汇率制度理论的新发展看人民币汇率制度的选择

20世纪90年代后,墨西哥危机、东亚危机、俄罗斯危机和巴西危机相继爆发,这些危机无不伴随着汇率的调整和汇率制度的变革。经济学界对汇率制度的研究有了新的发展,特别是在发展中国家,汇率制改革问题,争论焦点集中在两极论与中间汇率制度之争上。在国内表现为人民币的盯住汇率制与管理浮动汇率制之争。一、两极论两极论也称为“中间制度消失论”,在发展中国家汇率制度选择上已成为学术界主流观点。其首倡者一般认为是美国加洲大学伯克莱分校的Eichengreen,此后还有Obscfeld和Rogoff。两极论的核心观点:两极论者认为,在金融开放环境中,惟一…     

汇率制度与汇率制度选择理论

随着中国汇率制度的改革,让我们逐渐的认识到只有适合自己的汇率制度才是最好的汇率制度.了解世界汇率制度的变革,及各种制度选择的优缺点我国汇率制度的进一步改革有着更为重要的意义.     

金融危机与汇率制度的选择

在发展中国家汇率制度改革问题上,两极论已成为国际学术界的主流观点。然而,一些学者对这一观点的合理性一直持怀疑态度。90年代以来,采用两极汇率制度国家的增加为两极论提供了有利依据,但另一方面,一些名义上采用自由浮动汇率制的国家仍然频繁干预外汇市场的行为,又为两极论提供了不利证据。针对这一现象,一些学者认为,在IMF和美国政府的压力下,一些国家不得不采用名义上的自由浮动汇率制,但这并不意味着发展中国家真正放弃了中间汇率制度选择。     

汇率制度沿革与人民币汇率制度选择

合理的汇率制度是一国宏观经济的稳定器。汇率选择、汇率政策制定等有关汇率制度的安排是一个国家对外经济方针的重要内容。本文就人民币汇率制度运行现状及困境作了简要的分析．认为在加入世界贸易组织後．随着资本帐户开放及利率市场化进程的加快，人民币的汇率制度应该必须作出相应调整，逐步放松管制。     

中间汇率制度与金融脆弱性的关系及其启示—兼论我国汇率制度的选择

近年来，与国际上汇率制度选择的现实相适应，理论界提出了中间汇率制度消失论。本通过实证研究论证中间汇率制度确实存在消失的趋势，从道德风险理论、噪声交易理论、“可核验性”及政府两难四个方面探讨了它与金融脆弱性之间的关系，并对我国汇率制度选择提供启示。     

Do Real Exchange Rates Follow a Nonlinear Mean Reverting Process in Developing Countries?

In an effort to fight relatively high inflation, many developing countries try to manage their nominal exchange rates through official intervention. In addition, developing countries tend to have high transportation costs, tariffs, and nontariff barriers. These factors are among the sources of generating nonlinearity in real exchange rates and hence some nonlinear adjustment toward purchasing power parity (PPP) in developing countries. In this paper, we employ monthly real effective exchange rate (REER) data of 88 developing countries and test the null of nonstationarity versus an alternative of linear stationarity by the means of a conventional unit root test and compare the results with those obtained from a new test in which the null is the same but the alternative hypothesis is nonlinear stationarity. The latter test supports the PPP theory in more developing countries compared with the former test, suggesting that nonlinear adjustment toward PPP in developing countries is an important phenomenon. Reported country characterizations indicate that reversion in REER occurs more often for high-inflation countries and for countries with high flexibility in their exchange rates.     

Choosing an Appropriate Exchange Rate System for Developing Countries

The developing countries emerging market crisis during the second half of 1990s has had a major impact on changing the views of academicians, policy designers and developing countries＇ authorities with respect to exchange rate policies, particularly after the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Although the Asian Financial Crisis has brought enormous damage to those hit countries, it left very precious lessons for the developing countries. Countries have to make a decision under uncertainty - they must choose an exchange-rate system and associated monetary policy without full information on the consequences of that choice. They must weigh the arguments and the costs of errors from adopting different exchange rates. They must evaluate the alleged benefits of each system and the opportunities for achieving those benefits through alternative, substitute means. They must also evaluate methods of reducing the potential costs of each system. It is true that no single exchange rate regime can. be prescribed as best for all, nor is the best choice of exchange rate regime always clears for all places in all times, even in light of their specific circumstances. There are no simple, universal answers. But under most circumstances and for most developing countries, one system of flexible exchange rate is better than others.     

Mean Reversion of Real Exchange Rates in High-Inflation Countries

We test for mean reversion in real exchange rates using data from five countries, four of which have experienced episodes of high inflation. Using monthly data for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Israel, we find that a stochastic unit root model is typically appropriate (Brazil is the exception). Kalman filter estimates of the stochastic unit roots show sharp deviations from unity associated with high inflation episodes. This suggests that stochastic unit root models are a more appropriate way to model mean reversion in real exchange rates for high inflation countries than models with fixed rates of mean reversion.     

Foreign Exchange Management and Allocation Systems in Developing Countries: Lessons of the African Experience

Abstract: This paper reviews various foreign exchange management and allocation systems in developing countries, with particular reference to recent experiences in Africa. In view of these experiences, it proposes an administrative system of exchange rate determination and foreign exchange distribution, through a competitive bidding process. Résumé: Cet aritcle qui passe en revue les différents systémes de gestion et d'allocation de devises ayant cours dans les pays en développement, a pour point focal l'expérience récente des pays africains dans ce domaine. En s'inspirant de cette expérience, l'auteur propose un systéme adiministratif permetant de déterminer le taus de change et de répartir les ressorces en devises parun processus d'appel à la concurrence.     

Real Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Evidence from 15 OECD Countries

In an extended Balassa–Samuelson model, long-run real exchange rates are determined by relative productivity and terms of trade. We present evidence of systematic long-run relationships between these fundamental variables and real exchange rates in a data set covering 15 OECD countries from 1960 to 1996. High relative productivity is associated with real exchange rate appreciations in most cases. There is less support for the hypothesis that the terms of trade affect equilibrium real exchange rates.     

Reforms,Exchange Rates and Monetary Commitment: A Panel Analysis for OECD Countries

The paper investigates the link between monetary policy and structural reforms in open economies. We test three hypotheses: (a) the Calmfors hypothesis that the degree of reforms is higher in the case of autonomous policy and lower in the case of commitment, (b) the TINA hypothesis which implies a positive impact of a monetary policy rule on the extent of reforms, and (c) a third factors hypothesis. In our empirical analysis on panel data of 23 OECD countries from 1980–2000 we find little evidence for the Calmfors hypothesis, but evidence in favor of the TINA argument for labor market and regulatory reform.

Performance of Garch Models in Forecasting the Volatility of Exchange Rate for Developing Countries

This paper empirically investigates the performance of GARCH model in forecasting the volatility of exchange rate of some developing countries. We apply linear GARCH model and non-linear GARCH model. We fit these two models to some developing countries exchange rate index from January, 1998 to February, 2005. The return series of the developing countries＇ foreign exchange rate are leptokurtic, significantly skew, deviating from normality and volatile clustering as well. We find within-sample and out-of-sample evidence that conditional estimates of non-linear GARCH model outperform the conditional estimations of linear GARCH models. In our comparisons in most of the developing countries, the non-linear GARCH model produce better results than the linear GARCH model tor forecasting the volatility of exchange rate.     

Currency Misalignments in the BRIICS Countries: Fixed Vs. Floating Exchange Rates

In the present paper we attempt to investigate whether the real effective exchange rates of the BRIICS countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa, converge or not to their equilibrium levels. Our analysis is based on the use of an external balance model as well as the implementation of recent panel cointegration techniques. Our evidence indicates the existence of a valid long-run relationship between the real effective exchange rate, the net foreign assets, the GDP differential and the real interest rate differential for each of the six countries of our sample. Furthermore, our empirical results imply that after the adoption of a free floating exchange rate regime by Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia and South Africa and the liberalisation of the Chinese exchange rate policy that took place during the last decade, currency misalignments have been gradually reduced, leading the real effective exchange rates of the respective currencies very close to their equilibrium levels.     

Exchange Rate Regimes of Developing Countries: Global Context and Individual Choices

This paper argues that, in analyzing the choice of exchange rate regimes in developing and transition countries in the present global economic context, it is essential to distinguish between those countries with substantial involvement in international financial markets and those where involvement is limited. For developing countries with important linkages to modern global capital markets, an important lesson of the recent crises in emerging market countries is that the requirements for sustaining pegged exchange rate regimes have become significantly more demanding. For many emerging market countries, therefore, regimes that allow substantial actual exchange rate flexibility are probably desirable. If supported by the requisite policy discipline and institutional structures, however, hard currency pegs may also be appropriate for some of these countries. Beyond the emerging markets countries, for many developing countries with less linkage to global capital markets, traditionalexchange rate pegs and intermediate regimes are more viable and retain important advantages. J. Japan. Int. Econ., March 2001, 15(1), pp. 68–101. Research Department, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 20431. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: F31, F33, F41.