浙江省海洋经济现状和展望

文章分析了浙江省海洋经济发展的现状,提出了今后开发海洋的思路,阐述了发展海洋经济第二产业是翅膀、信息产业是先导的观点。     

湛江海洋经济的现状及发展思路

通过对湛江海洋资源优势及海洋经济产业体系进行分析,本文提出了湛江海洋经济的发展思路。     

“海上山东”建设十周年的回顾与前瞻

本文在回顾“海上山东”建设10周年成就和经验的基础上,从如何发挥该省海洋科技优势、加大基础设施建设、健全产业保障体系和发展空间等4个方面,提出了“海上山东”建设的战略重点。     

国外海洋休闲渔业发展现状及其对中国的启示

为更好促进海洋休闲渔业良性健康发展,加快海洋休闲渔船的现代化进程,论文简要介绍了美国、日本和澳大利亚等发达国家海洋休闲渔业的发展情况,分析了中国海洋休闲渔业的发展现状,从管理体制、技术标准、产业布局和资源配置等方面深入研究了中国海洋休闲渔业发展中存在的主要问题,并针对性地提出明确责任主体,科学构建海洋休闲渔业管理体系,完善法律法规;因地制宜发展,科学编制海洋休闲渔船技术标准体系,提高安全保障;优化产业布局,明确海洋休闲渔业市场定位,发展海洋牧场休闲渔业等对策建议,为中国海洋休闲渔业的进一步发展提供参考和借鉴。     

论潮州海洋经济战略

选择潮州海洋经济战略研究旨在吸引外资的进入或市内现有资本的效率增长。潮州海洋经济总体思路是“以港兴城,科技兴海、海陆并进、持续发展”,树立较强的海洋价值观,维护各种海洋利益,包括渔业资源利益,监督海洋执法活动和各级政府的决策行为,提供海洋产业可持续发展的内部条件。按照“高科技、新产业、大市场”的现代海洋开发思路,以港口工业和海洋油气业为主导,加快开发海洋药物、海洋化工、海洋机械、海水资源利用等其它海洋工业,努力开发海底采矿。海洋工业的大发展是潮州海洋经济跨世纪发展战略的方向,而且必将导致海洋产业结构的变革,使新兴海洋产业乃至未来海洋产业的结构比重升高。     

沾化县敲定2006年度工作重点

沾化县海洋与渔业局在2005年度的工作中，紧紧围绕县委县政府的中心工作，开拓创新、加快发展，各项工作都取得了骄人的成绩：全市行评名列第一，全县任务目标综合考核名列第二，成功入选“全国海域使用管理示范县”。到目前为止已获得各级集体表彰26项。成绩催人奋进，发展任重道远，为贯彻落实全县经济工作会议精神，海洋与渔业局一班人按照县委、县政府确立的“苦干实干谋求发展，全力加速沾化崛起”的工作定位，立足海洋与渔业发展实际，围绕建设海洋经济强县和渔业经济强县两大目标，确定了2006年度海洋与渔业工作重点：     

播湖耕海绘宏图：省水产局局长李国平谈渔业经济

改革开放发展20年,江苏渔业已从传统副业上升为农村经济的一项支柱产业,渔业产业化经营程度明显提高。1999年水产品总产量达296.82万吨,全省人均占有水产品约40公斤,高于全国平均水平8公斤;全省渔业总产值按现行价计算达310亿元,分别占农业总产值和多种经营产值的16.5%、40%左右;渔业人口人均纯收入达5900元。然而,世纪之交,江苏省渔业发展正面临着新的挑战和考验。首先,随着水产品买方市场的形成,消费者对水产品的多样化、优质化、安全性、保健性和方便性要求越来越高。其次,随着资源开发程度的提高以及水域污染的加剧,加上新的海洋制度的     

“十二五”期间威海市海洋渔业发展分析

威海市是我国北方传统的渔业城市,毗邻黄渤海重要渔场,渔业资源丰富,海洋水产品市场供应充足。进入新世纪以来,按照山东省委省政府的决策部署,在山东省海洋与渔业厅的指导下,威海市依托山东半岛蓝色经济区建设,调整优化渔业产业布局,推进产业结构升级,积极开展"海上粮仓"建设,发展近海增养殖,带动休闲渔业等新型产业模式发展,海洋渔业产量持续保持稳定增长。另一方面,威海市海洋渔业面临着海域环境富营养化、渔业资源枯竭、捕捞作业环境复杂等问题,亟需加强禁渔期渔船管理,控制传统捕捞,保护近海脆弱的海洋渔业资源和生态环境。     

保护海洋环境 建设生态渔业

渔业资源和渔业生态环境是渔业生产赖以发展的物质基础。随着沿海大规模经济开发活动的迅速发展．海洋环境问题日益突出，除陆源污染物对渔业生态环境的影响日趋严重外，过度发展水产养殖引起的自身污染、大规模渔业污染事故、爆发性水产病害、赤潮以及海洋石油勘探开发、海底矿产资源的开发利用对环境造成的污染等问题也日趋严重。渔业水域环境不断恶化，渔业资源日趋衰退，成为制约我国渔业生产的主要因素，严重影响我国经济的可持续发展和国家生态环境安全。     

关于加强中韩渔业合作的几点思考

《联合国海洋法公约》生效后，在新的海洋形势下，为迎接海洋世纪的到来，中韩双方进一步加强渔业经济领域里的交流与合作，推动21世纪两国间海洋开发与管理合作关系，是两国政府和人民共同的心愿。本文介绍了韩国渔业的发展概况，分析了开展中韩渔业合作的必要性和可行性，并提出了相应对策。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.