Information,individual errors,and collective performance: Empirical evidence on the Condorcet Jury Theorem

The Condorcet Jury Theorem implies that the collective performance of a group, in arriving at a “correct” judgment on the basis of majority or plurality rule, will be superior to the average performance of individual members of the group, if certain apparently plausible conditions hold. Variants of the Jury Theorem are reviewed, particularly including the politically relevant variant that allows for conflicting interests within the group. We then examine two kinds of empirical data. First, we compare individual and collective performance in a large number of multiple-choice tests, and we find that collective performance invariably and substantially exceeds average individual performance. Second, we analyze American National Election Study data to create dichotomous-choice tests concerning positions of candidates on a variety of political issues; Condorcet-like effects are again evident. Finally, continuing to use NES data, we construct, on each political issue, a simulated referendum (direct voting on the issue) and election (indirect voting on the issue by voting for candidates on the basis of their perceived positions on the issue), and we compare the two results. Despite high rates of individual error, electoral error is quite small, and collective performance is fairly high, providing evidence of Condorcet-like effects in situations of conflicting preferences.     

论集体暴力——基于三个案例的深度分析

当前社会转型过程中发生的群体性事件,都表现出比较明显的集体暴力倾向。对典型案例的分析表明,集体暴力具有社会抗争性质,集体暴力的蔓延既有可能影响公共政策,也有可能导致治理危机,因此需要通过法治和民主来化解。化解的关键在于促进民主转型、维护社会正义和法律尊严,同时要对权力进行有效制约。     

集体土地所有权主体制度的现实困境探析——一个法解释论的视角

集体土地所有权是一种极其重要的财产权,但由于其主体的概念内涵不清、运行中的缺位和利益虚化,致使集体土地所有权制度在实践中未能发挥预期的功能。针对集体土地所有权主体制度的缺陷,应以民事主体的理念对其改进和建构,使其概念内涵明晰,并设计其获取土地所有权利益的法律方式,以引领集体土地所有权主体制度走出现实困境。     

Collective Choices Under Ambiguity

We investigate experimentally whether collective choice environments matter for individual attitudes to ambiguity. In a simple two-urn Ellsberg experiment, one urn offers a 45 % chance of winning a fixed monetary prize while the other offers an ambiguous chance. Participants choose either individually or in groups of three. Group decision rules vary in the level of individual responsibility for the others’ payoffs: the collective choice is taken by majority, randomly delegated to two group members, or randomly delegated to a single group member. Although most participants display consistent ambiguity attitudes across their decisions, taking responsibility for the others tends to foster ambiguity aversion.     

我国农村土地集体所有制中的主体虚位与对策思考

农村土地集体所有制的创建是对土地国家所有和农民个人私有的一种折衷 ,但这种设计的一个重要假设便是“农村集体”能够成其为一个完备而坚定的主体 ,但实践证明这种假设不能够成立 ,我国农村土地制度改革必须纳入到物权化的轨道上来 ,而且要在期限上还原农村土地的本来价值。这样的要求最终应该由引进“永租权”制度来解决。     

我国著作权集体管理组织的法律规制——以美国版权结算中心为视角

著作权集体管理制度诞生于法国,迄今为止已有200多年的历史。我国继1992年建立第一个著作权集体管理组织——中国音乐著作权协会之后,陆续在2008年成立了其他4个著作权集体管理组织。从该制度产生至今,它对保护我国著作权人的权益,促进我国知识产权行业的发展起到了重要的作用;但同时,它也受到了社会的广泛批评,特别是在今年《著作权集体管理条例》的修改过程中,高晓松等音乐人对著作权集体管理制度提出了质疑。笔者对我国著作权集体管理组织的发展模式与法律规制提出了一些建议。     

ITA的未来走向及我国信息技术产业面临的挑战

随着信息技术的日新月异,在发达国家的积极推动下,WTO的诸边协议之一——《信息技术协议》(ITA)的扩容正在进行中。我国作为信息技术产品的贸易大国,ITA的未来发展对我国的信息技术产业必将带来重大的影响。本文在整合美国政府机构和各大智库提出的观点的基础上,预测了ITA的未来走向,分析了发达国家重启ITA谈判的意图,评估了我国信息技术产业面临的挑战,并提出了我国应对ITA扩容的建议。     

当前中国农村土地所有制改革模式研究综述

探讨对当前农村土地所有制改革模式,学者们从农村集体土地所有制存在的缺陷出发,提出了各种改革主张,大致来说主要有以下几种观点:实行农村土地私有化,取消集体土地所有权;实行农村土地国有化,取消集体土地所有权;部分取消集体土地所有权,实行农村土地国家所有、集体所有和农民私人所有三者并存土地混合所有制或复合所有制;保留现有的集体土地所有权,对其进行改革与完善。     

家庭承包经营收益分配制度的反思与重构

现行法律和政策关于家庭承包经营制下农户享有完整收益权的规定,以维护农户土地利益和提升农地经营效率为目标。集体所有权的价值功能在于为集体成员提供平等的土地保障,但是,承包关系长久不变,使得农户分享土地利益代际代内不均等;集体不得参与家庭经营收益分配,加剧集体公共服务的供给不足和家庭承包经营的低效率。从集体所有权的成员受益权能有效实现的视角出发,需要更新立法理念和制度设计,确认农民集体基于农户公平分享集体土地利益而行使的农地利益调节权,以及农民集体基于农户共享集体公共服务利益而行使的必要收益权。     

A Distance-Based Collective Weak Ordering

A group decision-making approach can be seen as a two stage process. The first stage allows for multi-cirteria evaluation of the alternatives and the second aims at deriving a collective weak ordering from the partial orderings supplied by the members after the first stage. The problem of combining the weak orderings to form a collective ranking is investigated. An axiomatic structure relating to the concept of distance between binary relations is developed. An algorithm for deriving the collective weak ordering is proposed, based on the idea of ranking first the least dominated alternatives.     

Group Buying: A Strategic Form of Consumer Collective

Existing literature on collective consumption focuses on passionate consumers of particular brands. This research examines group buying (GB), a multi-phase consumer collective activity, that creates value prior to, during and after the acquisition of products and services. Through a two-year, multi-sited, qualitative study, we examine both retailers’ and consumers’ motivations for participating in GB. GB is essentially a consumer collective that centers on consumer needs across brands, activities and lifestyles. This consumer collective is not initiated by brand affiliation or a consumption subculture, but by the need to discover desirable brands and obtain optimal products and services at favorable prices. Furthermore, GB empowers consumers to better protect their rights in an under-regulated market.     

The Personnel Earthquake Continuum: Consequences of Collective Turnover — A Case Study of Qidian Founders’ Collective Turnover

Unlike previous studies that have primarily focused on the causes and processes, this research emphasizes the consequences of collective turnover. Starting from a literature review, we use event chains to explore the consequences of collective turnover. Based on the case study of the Qidian founders’ collective turnover, we build a holistic theoretical framework to show the dynamics and continuity over time, influenced by the complexity of context. Our main conclusions are as follows: (1) collective turnover has a cascade effect, causing a series of secondary and derivative events, (2) collective turnover has both proximal and distal impacts on human capital flow, operational performance and financial performance, (3) whether or not a collective turnover has a positive or negative effect depends on the context factors. An event chain perspective that extends collective turnover theory and organizational behavior theory is used. We advocate for an integrate understanding of the consequences of collective turnover. In addition, this research will provide practical, instructive policies to intervene in collective turnover.     

Regaining control through reclamation: how consumption subcultures preserve meaning and group identity after commodification

We examine the process of subcultural commodification where group meanings of a Japanese youth consumer subculture (i.e. Harajuku) are created, fragmented, and then commodified by the mainstream culture. We consider the role of authenticity in subcultures and specifically what it means to reclaim meanings and group identity after commodification. Using a multi-method ethnographic approach, we explore how a subculture reacts when faced with co-optation. In light of the Harajuku group's attempt to preserve a meaningful form of their community, we illuminate the consumption processes through which their group identity is re-negotiated and sustained. This analysis promotes understanding of how a non-Western subculture reacts after mainstream commodification, and the strategies they employ to regain control of their community by reclaiming authenticity, maintaining collective belonging, and uniting with a common cause.     

集合共有：一种新的共有形式——以集体土地所有权为研究对象

集体土地所有权的准确定性是改革和完善集体土地所有权制度的切入点。既有的定性都不具有法理和实践上的可行性。只有大胆借鉴英美法系的联合所有制度，重构大陆法系的共有形式，才能对集体土地所有权予以准确定性。新的共有形式——集合共有，与集体土地所有权性质具有内在的一致性。以集合共有规则来解释和处理榘体土地所有权，既待合学理和逻辑的要求，更贴近中国的实际。     

The Characteristics,Motivations and Organizational Outcomes of Collective Turnover in China: An Analysis of 65 Collective Turnover Events

This paper analyzes sixty-five influential collective turnover events that occurred from year 2000 to 2011. The first finding is that collective turnover is most likely to take place at the departmental level because staff in the same department tend to reach collective consensus more easily. The second finding is that collective turnover takes place more frequently in industries such as IT, retailing and banking. The third finding is that collective turnover often begins with the turnover of managers at the departmental or higher levels. With further exploration of collective turnover, we notice that the institutional environment during China’s economic transition is the external constraint on collective turnover, and improper management policies is the internal driving factor. We also find that motivations vary for employees at different levels in the organization. Finally, we conclude that organizational outcomes of collective turnover are not only linked with the absolute level of turnover, but “quality” factors of collective turnover such as relative turnover ratio, occurrence frequency, employee type, rank and work experience should also be taken into consideration.     

Incompleteness,regularity, and collective preference

This paper examines the incompleteness of collective preference. We provide a series of Arrovian impossibility theorems without completeness. First, we consider the notion of regularity introduced by Eliaz and Ok (2006, Games and Economic Behavior 56, 61–86); it is an appropriate richness property for strict preference when preference is allowed to be incomplete. We examine the implication of imposing regularity on collective preference. Second, we propose responsiveness, a variation of positive responsiveness. This axiom requires that some changes in individual preferences make an alternative weakly better than another. Third, we consider coherency conditions for collective preferences; this conditionally requires the existence of comparable pairs in a certain manner. We prove an impossibility result for each condition using Arrovian axioms.     

A Relative Entropy Approach to Group Decision Making with Interval Reciprocal Relations Based on COWA Operator

A new approach has been presented based on relative entropy to rank all the alternatives in the group decision making with interval reciprocal relations. First we introduced the continuous ordered weighted averaging operator and used it to aggregate all individual interval reciprocal relations to derive the priority vector. Then we define the consensus indicator of the interval reciprocal relations to determine the weights of experts in the group decision making. Based on the conception of relative entropy, we construct an optimization model to minimize the difference between the group priority vector and all individual priority vectors. We also give the solution to the optimal model, in which we obtain the formula to rank the given alternatives in the group decision making for the collective reciprocal relations and select the most desirable one. Finally, a numerical example shows that the developed approach is feasible and the result is credible.     

Social Media in Organizations: Leveraging Personal and Collective Knowledge Processes

By using social media, many companies try to exploit new forms of interaction, collaboration, and knowledge sharing through leveraging the social, collaborative dimension of social software. The traditional collective knowledge management model based on a top-down approach is now opening up new avenues for a bottom-up approach incorporating a more personal knowledge management dimension, which could be synergized into collective knowledge using the social-collaborative dimension of social media. This article addresses the following questions: (1) How can social media support the management of personal and collective knowledge using a synergetic approach? (2) Do the personal and collective dimensions compete with each other, or can they reinforce each other in a more effective manner using social media?

Our findings indicate that social media supports both the personal and collective dimensions of knowledge, while integrating a social collaborative dimension. The article introduces a framework that classifies social software into four categories according to the level of interaction and control. With certain tools, individuals are more in control. With other tools, the group is in control, resulting in a higher level of interaction and a diversity of knowledge and mindsets brought together. However, deploying and adopting these new tools in an organizational context is still a challenging task for management, owing to both organizational and individual factors.     

Minimizing Group Discordance Optimization Model for Deriving Expert Weights

This paper focuses on the problem of how to determine expert weights in multiple attribute group decision making. We first aggregate all the individual decision matrices into the collective decision matrix by means of the weighted arithmetic averaging operator, and then from the angle of minimizing group discordance, we establish a general nonlinear optimization model based on deviation function, and employ a genetic algorithm to solve our model so as to find the optimal expert weights. Moreover, we extend our model to uncertain multiple attribute group decision making, where the attribute values are interval numbers, and finally, apply our model to the plan evaluation of new model of cars of an investment company.