完善我国农村宅基地使用权流转制度的法律思考

我国现行法律严禁农村宅基地使用权的流转。中共十七届三中全会虽然提出要完善农村宅基地制度,依法保障农民宅基地的用益物权,但是关于农村宅基地使用权的流转问题,并没有像会前公众预期的那样给出明确规定。作者认为,严禁农村宅基地使用权流转带来了诸多现实困惑,因此,我国有必要从完善相关法律制度、赋予农民完整的宅基地用益物权、构建宅基地使用权流转市场及加强集体土地监管等方面,建立和完善农村宅基地使用权的逐步流转制度。     

农村宅基地不动产登记问题研究

农村宅基地是我国法律保护的农民集体财产.2016年,国家安排部署农村宅基地"房地一体"确权登记工作以来,各地各部门采取有力措施,大力推进农村宅基地"房地一体"确权登记发证工作,取得积极进展.农村宅基地不动产登记是践行以人民为中心发展思想,有效提升群众获得感、幸福感、安全感的有效举措."民之所呼,必有所应",农村不动产确...     

土地征用制度侵蚀谁的利益

中国农村和城郊集体土地被政府采用强制征用、不按照土地价值交易、政府垄断卖地等形式将集体土地变为国有土地,再出让给土地开发和使用者的过程。其实就是政府与农民之间不平等和不合理分配土地财富的过程,形成了不可持续的土地财政,导致农民因征地而致贫。     

基于博弈论的水利工程征地补偿量计算方法

在计算水利工程征地补偿量时，由于不同参与方的经济利益存在对立关系，导致计算结果难以均衡各方，为此，提出基于博弈论的水利工程征地补偿量计算方法研究。在设置了假定条件的前提下，分析水利工程征地补偿量影响因素，在具体的计算阶段，采用三次数博弈的方式分析了农户讨价和地方政府还价下，各方单位面积被征用地的净增收益，考虑第三回合博弈阶段的最终决定权归农户所有，在均衡地方政府第二回合期望利益的同时，采用逆推归纳法实现对单位面积被征用地农民补偿量的计算。在测试结果中，设计方法对于水利工程征地补偿量的计算结果实现了均衡各方经济利益的目的。     

关于国有企业职工主体地位的理性思考

当前一些企业在进行现代企业制度的改造过程中,虚化职工地位的现象严重。现代企业制度,其实就是确定资本、管理和劳动在企业中的位置,通过协调机制充分调动投资者、经营者以及劳动者三方的积极性,最大限度地发挥企业的核心创造能力。建立体现职工主体地位的合理机制,调动企业职工的生产积极性,具有非常重要的意义。应从以下几个方面做工作:一、从理论上确认职工的人力资本产权地位。资本、劳动和管理是企业不可或缺的三大要素,每一种要素的所有者都可以根据自身对联合产出的贡献来获得相应的利益。二、从法律上确保职工的主体地位。应建立以…     

韩启德:寻找宅基地有偿退出机制的切入点

大量实践表明,农村宅基地制度改革是农村改革的重要方面,关系"三农"全局乃至城乡统筹发展大局,意义重大,正因为如此,中央要求农村宅基地制度改革要"慎重稳妥"。进城落户农民宅基地有偿退出切入探索进城落户农民宅基地有偿退出机制之所以可以作为农村宅基地制度改革的一个重要的切入点,应当基于一系列现实必要性认识其重要意义。首先,有利于疏解农村宅基地闲置和私下交易问题。一是当前农村宅基地的利用效率不高。较长时期以来,大批农民工或在城乡间候鸟     

论土地征用适用的法律原则

土地征用的法律原则是指政府作为行政主体在征用土地过程中必须遵循的基本原则.它包括实体法与程序法两个方面.在实体法方面,行政征用应当遵循权力行使的合目的性原则、合法性原则、比例原则;在程序法方面,行政征用应当遵循公开原则与参与原则.     

我国城市土地价格的历史变迁

回顾新中国成立以来人们对城市土地价格认识所走过的道路,大致可分为三个阶段: 一、新中国成立初期 即’49～’56。旧中国城市土地所有权存在多种多样的形式:既有帝国主义者、官僚资本主义者所有的土地,又有民族资本家所有的土地,还有个体劳动者的经营场地和居民个人的宅基地,以及国民党政府机关所有的土地。新中国成立后,曾分别采用接管、没收、赎买、征用和法律宣布等方式,逐步实现城市土地社会主义国有制。在这个阶段     

美国土地征用补偿制度对我国的启示

一、美国的土地征用补偿制度概述为了社会公共利益的需要,国家有权依据法律规定的程序和批准权限,在给予土地所有者(集体经济组织或个人)补偿后,将其所有土地变为国有,这种行政行为就是我们通常所说的土地征用。在美国这一土地私人化程度很高的国度中,土地征用主要分两种形式。     

中外公司治理结构的比较研究

一、公司治理的定义及经济学分析公司治理(CorporateGovernance)是指现代企业的组织架构。广义的公司治理是指在现代企业中选择和激励企业家为企业所有利益相关者利益服务的制度,包括企业组织方式、控制机制、利益分配的所有法律、机构、文化和制度安排,利益相关者则包括股东、     

The effect of decoupling on the decision to produce: An Irish case study

This paper assesses the impact of decoupling on farming in Ireland. The decision to engage in production post decoupling is simulated using profit maximising multi-period linear programming models. The number of farmers that would financially benefit from disengaging from production is projected. The results of the economic models suggest that significant restructuring is likely to occur at the farm level as a result of decoupling. Projections of farmers’ production decisions post decoupling are compared and contrasted to the results of a survey of farmers’ production intentions. The comparison shows that despite the significant changes in profitability that decoupling could engender, the majority of farmers intend to continue as before and are unlikely to change their production patterns. The survey of farmers’ intentions indicates that a large number of farmers still seem to consider the decoupled payment linked to production. The implications of these results for land use, agricultural production and farm numbers are discussed.     

失地农民失业保险制度需求影响因素以及方案设计--基于武汉市城郊的调查数据

失业保险制度是应对失业风险的重要机制,但至今失地农民尚未纳入失业保险制度覆盖范围.随着城市化的不断发展,城郊地区农民面临着失地又失业的风险.对失地农民失业保险参保意愿、自我保障能力和家庭保障能力以及就业状况方面的实证分析表明,失地农民对失业保险制度的需求较高.二元Logistic回归分析进一步表明,年龄、性别、受教育水平对失地现象的认知是影响失地农民失业保险参保意愿的重要因素.在统筹城乡社会保障体系发展背景下,将失地农民纳入城镇失业保险制度框架,同时结合失地农民特点提供失业保险参保方案是发展失地农民失业保险制度的总体思路.     

Measurement of competitiveness in smallholder livestock systems and emerging policy advocacy: An application to Botswana

Farm level cross sectional data of 556 randomly selected livestock producers were used to investigate the competitiveness of smallholder beef farmers in Botswana. The results show the presence of inefficiency, with about 74% of the variation in actual profit from maximum profit (profit frontier) between farms mainly arising from differences in farmers’ practices rather than random variability. Further the mean profit efficiency level of 0.58 suggests that there is a substantial scope to improve beef profitability in Botswana. Significant profit efficiency drivers include, among others, education, distance to market, herd size, access to information and access to income from crop production. Considering the importance of livestock sector for wealth creation and poverty eradication in the rural areas where poverty is more pronounced, there is a need for appropriate development strategies and policies directed towards addressing these factors. In particular there is need to invest in market infrastructure in order to improve market access, hence profit efficiency of smallholder livestock farmers.     

我国农村宅基地选择的弃旧辟新的成因与对策——以湖北省孝感市光明村为例

随着我国城市化快速发展，土地资源日益紧张，广大农村宅基地选择时却出现了严重的弃旧辟新侵占良田的行为，从而导致大量土地闲置。文章以湖北省孝感市光明村为例，在实地调研的基础上，从经济学的视角，研究了宅基地弃旧辟新行为的主要原因，分析了宅基地弃旧辟新带来的问题，提出了使农民充分利用土地资源的引导机制。     

Structural transformation or elite land capture? The growth of “emergent” farmers in Zambia

Over the last decade, Zambia has witnessed a rapid increase in the number of medium-scale “emergent farms” cultivating 5–20 ha of land. This study analyzes the factors underpinning this growth. We find that the growth of emergent farmers in Zambia is primarily attributable to land acquisition by salaried urbanites and by relatively privileged rural individuals. We found little evidence to support the hypothesis that the rise of emergent farmers primarily represents a process of successful accumulation by farmers who began farming with less than 5 ha of land, a situation faced by more than 95% of farming households. We argue that these outcomes are the result of Zambia’s land administration and agricultural spending policies. Rising concentration of landholdings in Zambia raises serious questions about the potential of current agricultural growth to act as a vehicle for broad based economic growth and poverty reduction.     

The case for land reform in the Caribbean

The Special focus section of Food Policy has often included articles describing the process of land reform or calling for land redistribution in specific countries, notably Nigeria and Zimbabwe. This article puts a general case for the redistribution of land, calling on research in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Arguments for land reform in the Caribbean stem from the existence of fragmented plots of land which need to be consolidated to make small farms more efficient; the need to make idle land from the plantation sector available to the farming population; and, the need to increase the involvement of farmers and the rural poor in rural development.     

Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia

After years of neglect, there is a renewed interest in agricultural mechanization in Africa. Since government initiatives to promote mechanization are confronted with major governance challenges, private-sector initiatives may offer a promising alternative. However, given limited scientific studies on such private-sector options such approaches are often viewed skeptically. One concern is that multi-national agribusiness companies take advantage of smallholder farmers. Another concern is that mechanization causes rural unemployment. To shed light on these concerns, this paper analyzes an initiative of the agricultural machinery manufacturer John Deere to promote smallholder mechanization in Zambia through a contractor model. The analysis focuses on the impact of this initiative on farmers who receive tractor services using Propensity Score Matching. The results indicate that farmers can almost double their income by cultivating a much larger share of their land. The analysis suggests that the increased income is used for children’s education and more food, but does not result in increased food diversity. The demand for hired labor increases due to land expansion and due to a shift from family labor, including that of children, to hired labor. Questions that require further investigation are identified, including strategies to incentivize tractor owners to provide services, to also increase land productivity, and to avoid new forms of dependency of agricultural laborers that may result from a shift in the timing of the labor demand.     

宅基地置换工程的效益内涵及其量度

从理论与方法论上探讨当前我国大城市郊区宅基地置换工程的效益这一核心问题。界定了宅基地置换的定义,分析了宅基地置换工程效益的内涵,提出了宅基地置换效益的量度指标及估算方法。认为宅基地置换效益是包括政府与农民双重经济行为主体下,包含经济、社会和生态在内的综合性效益。只有处理好2个主体之间的效益关联,并使总效益最大化,才能顺利推进宅基地置换工程。可采用直接市场价值法和间接评估法对效益进行估算。     

新疆玛纳斯县农民创业信贷需求现状及建议

在新疆玛纳斯县新农村建设进程中,玛纳斯县农民是主要的建设者和受益者。在追求自身发展进程中,玛纳斯县农民存在显著的信贷需求,但是这种信贷需求的具体表现形式并不清晰。依据玛纳斯县农民创业信贷需求问卷的调查资料,对玛纳斯县农民信贷需求的特征进行尝试性的总结,指出当前玛纳斯县农民创业信贷需求中存在需求不能被充分满足、农民金融素质不理想等问题,并得出若干结论。     

Shadow vs. market prices in explaining land allocation: Subsistence maize cultivation in rural Mexico

Prices may fail to explain farmers’ land allocation if the relevant decision prices are “shadow prices” that deviate from market prices. This may be the case for farmers who attach significant non-market values to their crops. I theoretically explain why land allocation may not respond to market signals even if transaction costs are not binding. I use nationally representative rural household data from Mexico to show that shadow prices better explain the land subsistence farmers allocate to traditional maize in this center of maize diversity. I discuss the importance of non-market values in understanding supply response and on-farm conservation of traditional crops.