商标的平行进口

平行进口又称灰色市场进口,是指一项知识产权在两个国家同时受到保护,一国进口商未经知识产权所有人授权,从另一国知识产权人手中进口销售受该国知识产权法律保护的货物。对于专利的平行进口,虽然有些国家设想在国内立法中将平行进口作为专利独占权的例外,但在国际上已基本达成共识,授予专利权人以进口权,然而各国对商标的平行进口却看法不一。商标是指区分一个企业和其他企业的货物或服务的标记或标记组合。平行进口在商标方面是指未经外国代理商许可,第三人自行进口销售正宗商标商品,它的实质是商标权人权利用尽的范围问题。对商标权人的…     

试论商标平行进口与对外贸易政策的关系——以美国为例

对于商标平行进口的论述文章多从法律的角度进行，然而商标平行进口问题由于存在于国际贸易的过程中，所以它也是国际贸易领域中非常重要的一个问题，因此非常有必要从国际贸易的角度对其进行深入研究，本文就试图对国家对外贸易政策与商标平行进口之间的关系进行初步分析，从历史发展的角度来研究二者之间的关系。1999年“LUX”香皂案的发生，被认为是中国第一例禁止商标平行进口的案例，中国应如何对待国际贸易中发生的平行进口行为，也许本文可以提供一点思路。     

平行进口问题争端及我国对策

在国际贸易领域,学者一般认为平行进口是指某一产品受到一国知识产权保护的情况下,进口商未经授权将权利人或经权利人许可在国外制造、销售的该产品或者他人在该产品不受保护的国家生产的产品进口到该国的行为。平行进口的商品具有以下特点：1、平行进口的商品都是具有知识产权性质的商品。2、平行进口的商品不是假冒商品,     

浅析国际贸易中平行进口法律规制比较

随着知识产权与国际贸易关系的日益密切,平行进口成为WTO多边贸易体制中的一个重要课题。但目前理论界对此认识不一,各国实践也大不相同。本文通过比较分析的方法,对目前主要国家和国际公约对于平行进口的法律规制进行比较研究,并针对我国实践中平行进口的问题提出应采取的法律对策和建议。     

论我国对平行进口中的知识产权问题

本文论述了平行进口的概念、特点及形成原因;国外对于平行进口的不同态度;我国对平行进口中的知识产权问题。为了加快经济发展,与国际市场接轨,我国对于专利领域内的平行进口应当采取一般允许,例外禁止的规定;在商标和版权领域内的平行进口,应当允许有条件的平行进口存在。     

论我国对平行进口中的知识产权问题

本文论述了平行进口的概念、特点及形成原因;国外对于平行进口的不同态度;我国对平行进口中的知识产权问题.为了加快经济发展.与国际市场接轨,我国对于专利领域内的平行进口应当采取一般允许,例外禁止的规定;在商标和版权领域内的平行进口,应当允许有条件的平行进口存在.     

在平行进口条件下的一个进口配额保护模型

在平行进口条件下,文章构造了一个进口配额保护模型.通过模型分析发现,与我们的常识相反的是:这种进口保护反而有助于提高两个国家的消费者剩余和社会总福利.究其原因是,进口配额能够诱导生产厂商进行降低成本的研究与开发活动,这既能够提高厂商的利润,又能够降低商品的市场价格,从而提高消费者剩余和社会总福利.另外,文章发现进口配额比进口关税更能改善平行进口输入国的社会总福利.     

国际贸易中的商标平行进口探析

随着国际贸易中平行进口发生日益频繁，平行进口问题逐渐引起人们的关注，其中尤以商标平行进口争议较大。作者试图通过分析商标平行进口的表现形式、成因、经济影响以及比较各国立法现状和实践，对商标平行进口问题作初步的探讨，并针对我国国情提出了相应的对策。     

平行进口合法性的经济学分析

平行进口问题实际上反映了国际知识产权贸易和国际货物贸易之间的冲突。由于经济全球化和世界贸易一体化进程的加快,平行进口问题将越来越突出。我国目前没有明确的法律规定可以对平行进口问题进行调整,而国内学者也几乎都是从法学角度（知识产权法、竞争法、侵权法等）对这一问题进行理论研究,因此,从经济学的角度对这一问题进行研究尤为必要。     

知识产权中的"平行进口"问题

知识产权作为世界新经济的内在动力，已经成为现代社会的“新资本”。目前，各国都在为保护知识产权而努力。由于各国的历史文化传统、司法体制、科技水平、经济发展程度存在很大差异，因此对于知识产权的保护手段也各有不同。平行进口作为近些年来在知识产权领域中新出现的问题，越来越受到经济界和法律界的关注。一、平行进口的概念及其特征平行进口的概念可以归结为：一项知识产权在两个国家同时受到保护，一国进口商未经知识产权权利所有人或独占被许可人允许或授权，从另一国知识产权所有人手中进口并销售受该国知识产权法律保护的货物…     

A Review of Issues Pertinent to Liquid Fuel Policy*

This paper provides a schematic review of economic issues pertinent to liquid fuel policy, with emphasis on the Australian setting. Pricing and depletion are considered in the context of possible disruption of import supplies. Subsequent sections deal with substitutes, R & D and exploration, storage, and demand-side intervention. Consideration is given to the arguments that conservation is intrinsically desirable or, conversely, that domestic energy supplies ought to be priced ‘reasonably’ to consumers. Concluding remarks address the efficiency-equity conflict in domestic oil pricing, oil as a ‘political’good, and the relation between political and economic costs of import dependence.     

Copyright, Parallel Imports and National Welfare: The Australian Market for Sound Recordings

For more than a decade now there has been considerable, often heated, debate over the issue of the parallel importation of sound recordings into Australia. Citing anti-competitive monopolistic distribution, an increasingly integrated global market and the challenges of new technologies, the Australian government recently passed the Copyright Amendment Act (No.2) 1998 , which permits the parallel importation of 'non-infringing' copies of a sound recording. This paper investigates the economic rationale underpinning this regulatory change and, using a partial equilibrium model, attempts to measure the likely welfare effects on consumers, copyright owners and the nation. In addition the paper examines the likely welfare impact of piracy within the new regulatory framework. This paper demonstrates that in a global music market characterised by exclusive territorial licences and price discrimination, the removal of parallel import restrictions by a small net-importer of intellectual property may be welfare enhancing for the nation. This welfare gain is at the expense of largely foreign copyright owners.     

SOME NEW EVIDENCE ON COMPETITION IN PAYDAY LENDING MARKETS

A critical question in the policy debate about payday lending is whether other financial institutions can plausibly provide attractive and lower‐priced substitutes for standard payday loans. I present several new pieces of evidence addressing the question, focusing on whether credit unions, which are often held as the strongest potential competitors to payday lenders, do (or might) viably compete in the payday loan market. National payday loan offerings by credit unions show that very few credit unions currently offer payday loans. Credit union industry reports suggest that those credit unions offering such loans seem unwilling or unable to undercut substantially the prevailing prices set by payday lenders. Those industry reports also reveal that lower‐priced credit union loans generally ration riskier borrowers out of the market by imposing greater restrictions on approval and repayment; risk‐adjusted prices for credit union payday loans may not be lower at all. Survey evidence suggests that most current payday borrowers prefer higher‐priced but less restrictive standard payday loans to lower‐priced but more restrictive alternatives offered by credit unions. The combined demand‐ and supply‐side evidence suggests that one should not expect credit unions (or by extension banks) to offer lower‐priced, higher‐quality alternatives for consumers who currently use payday loans. (JEL G2, L0, L5)     

Bertrand–Edgeworth Duopoly with Buyouts or First Refusal Contracts

In this game the players are firms involved in a Bertrand–Edgeworth duopoly market. Payoffs to the low priced firm depend only on the own price, whereas the payoff to the high priced firm depends on both its own price and the price of the opponent. The price of the opponent enters the payoff function of the high priced firm through buyout or a first refusal contract. Only when the total capacity in the market is less than the output in a monopoly situation, there is an equilibrium in pure strategies.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, D43, L12.     

Interest rate,size and book-to-market effects in Australian financial firms

The Fama–French three-factor model (1993) has been extensively used to study the pricing of nonfinancial stocks. This study provides the first examination of the pricing of Australian financial stocks using the Fama–French framework. The four-factor model (market, size, book-to-market and momentum) augmented with the level, slope and curvature of the interest rate term structure is used to examine the pricing of Australian financial stocks. The interest rate factors have not been previously considered for pricing Australian stocks within the Fama–French framework. Consistent with US evidence, we use a system-based estimation to show that the size and book-to-market factors are not priced in the cross section of the equity returns of Australian financial stocks. Momentum and term spread are priced in the equity returns of both financial and nonfinancial stocks. These findings are robust to the inclusion of control variables such as default spread, the inflation rate and a dummy variable for the global financial crisis.     

Externalities of National Pharmaceutical Policy when Markets are Integrated through Parallel Trade

This paper studies externalities of nationally determined cost‐sharing systems, in particular coinsurance rates, under pharmaceutical parallel trade in a two‐country model with a vertical distributor relationship. Parallel trade generates a price‐decreasing competition effect in the destination country of the parallel import and a price‐increasing double marginalization effect in the source country. An increase of the coinsurance rate in the destination country mitigates the double marginalization effect in the source country. An increase of the coinsurance rate in the source country reinforces the competition effect in the destination country. This may be a case for policy coordination in the European Union.     

UNCERTAINTY AVERSION AND PORTFOLIO INERTIA

In stock markets, we often observe portfolio inertia, i.e., a situation in which some stocks are not traded or not priced for a few minutes or longer. This is neither an exceptional situation in which some stock price soars too high to be priced, nor the one where some stock price plummets too much to be traded. By introducing the concept of ‘Knightian uncertainty’, Dow and Werlang (1992) account for the existence of portfolio inertia, which has not been accounted for under the concept of ‘risk’. This paper provides a characterization of the spread between buying and selling prices based on a parameter proposed by Ozaki and Streufert (1999, 2001) that enables us to estimate the attitude towards Knightian uncertainty, and shows that an increase (a decrease) in Knightian uncertainty expands (shrinks) the interval in which an investor never changes her initial position. Furthermore, we analyse the effect of an increase in Knightian uncertainty on portfolio inertia based on Epsilon‐contaminations.     

需求价格弹性分析

在大多数情况下,产品定价时需求价格弹性的计算多使用点弹性公式,这在营销学中是有缺陷的。本文对其进行了 分析,并提出应使用弧弹性公式指导产品定价。     

关税减让政策对我国进口的影响

中国加入WTO后,关税减让协议的逐步实行对我国进口贸易产生了极大影响.研究结果表明,关税与我国进口贸易额之间存在着高度的负相关关系,在影响我国进口效应的诸多因素中.关税起到了主要作用,但并非唯一因素.而关税减让在影响我国进口商品结构方面的作用不大.可见,在优化我国进口商品结构方面还需要其他政策措施的辅助与调整.     

Production decisions in the presence of options: A note

This paper examines the behavior of the competitive firm under uncertainty in the presence of commodity options. We show that the risk-averse firm always uses fairly priced commodity options for hedging purposes. However, unlike the case of forward/futures contracts, the presence of fairly priced commodity options cannot induce the firm to produce up to the certainty equivalent level. We further show that risk aversion alone is not enough to make the firm more eager to produce in the presence of fairly priced commodity options. To establish this intuitively appealing result, the notion of prudence is also called for.