组织间关系的拓展与演进：基于组织间知识互动的研究

知识经济时代,产品竞争力更多来自于知识层面,知识整合成为组织最为重要的能力。本文从产品知识基础的复杂性出发．根据其与组织知识领域的关系以及组织间知识的互补性划分出组织间知识互动方式。在此基础上．本文不仅对知识利用中的单向交流与双向交流的组织间关系进行阐释．还提出了基于组织间共同进行知识开发的组织间关系进行了探索性的研究,从而将组织间关系的市场与科层的二维平面拓展到由科层、市场以及共同体构成的三维空间,并由此构成了组织间关系的组合。最后．本文结合日本相机制造业的发展对组织间关系组合的演进进行了分析．进一步论证了本文的观点。     

跨组织资源与企业合作:基于关系的视角

本文针对企业资产专用性风险与垂直一体化分解之间的矛盾，提出应当用跨组织资源来探讨企业之间合作的本质。这种资源依赖于企业合作中的网络关系．并随着关系的不同而体现出不同的性质。基于跨组织资源，我们对企业合作中的个体行为与群体行为进行了分析。本文认为，跨组织资源化解了资产专用性风险与一体化分解之间的矛盾．并推动了企业间合作的实现。本文提出，跨组织资源是在特定的机制与环境中创造租金的，同时对组织环境也产生着重要的影响．因而跨组织资源与其所嵌入的企业合作网络之间是一种互构的关系。     

跨组织大舰模协作：特征、要素与运行相制

基于模块化技术的作用，资产专用性下降，垂直一体化企业被分解。全球价值链得到重构，跨组织大规模协作则逐渐成为组织间合作的重要形式．成为维基经济中财富创造的新引擎。它使企业能够利用群体智慧与自组织作为有力的杠杆来削减成本、快速创新，与顾客、合作伙伴共同实现价值的创造．从而顺利地构建起21世纪的商业平台。本文就跨组织大规模协作这种新型生产组织形式的特征、实现要素以及运行机制进行探讨．旨在为我国的企业发展与变革提供启示。     

企业间合作创新的知识转移及其实现研究

企业间合作创新要求能够进行有效的知识交流与知识共享,实现知识在组织间的转移是合作创新的一个非常重要的功能.本文研究了合作创新过程中所转移的知识类别,提出了基于合作创新的知识转移影响因素的概念模型,分析了实现知识转移的机制,着重论述了包括合作意识、组织安排、利益安排和发展共赢理念等制度层的内容.     

无边界价值观管理——基于A.O.史密斯公司的案例研究

强化利益相关者对企业价值观的认同是企业构建良好生态系统的关键。本文从价值观一致性的视角出发,以A.O.史密斯公司为研究对象,探讨了企业与上下游利益相关者合作的内在机制,并提出了无边界价值观管理的概念。研究结果表明:企业通过无边界价值观管理,能够超越企业边界,强化利益相关者对企业核心价值观的认同。无边界价值观管理是基于无边界价值观界定、筛选、传导和同化的动态管理体系,能够建立共同的心理契约,实现利益相关者与企业核心价值观的一致性匹配。同时,以价值观为本的领导者持续推动在实现利益相关者与企业核心价值观匹配过程中起着重要作用。本研究丰富和拓展了个人与组织价值观匹配、无边界组织等相关理论,同时对转型背景下中国企业有效管理外部利益相关者行为提供了新的理论视角。     

组织间关系形成的内在动因:基于帕累托改进的视角

组织间关系的形成不仅为成员企业带来利润,更是一种社会福利的帕累托改进。从经济学理论研究的视角看,组织间关系的形成是为了弥补当今不完全市场缺陷的制度性工具,其本质可以视为单个组织通过组织间关系的形成获得帕累托边界外推所产生的超额租金,从而获得竞争优势,实现一般均衡和企业间交易的利益最大化。组织间关系的形成一方面通过实现完全竞争市场的假设条件而推动帕累托边界的静态变化,以弥补当前市场中的各种市场失衡问题;另一方面通过实现资源重新配置产生正外部效应的同时,改变了专业化分工水平和市场结构,实现帕累托边界动态外推的演化过程,由此解决市场失灵和市场结构不完全的问题。本文试图从经济学的视角通过引入帕累托作为分析工具,构建一个组织间关系形成动因的解释框架,以期从本质上解决企业组织理论对组织间关系形成动因分析范式的不足。     

知识距离、吸收能力对产学研合作绩效的影响研究

本文基于产学研合作的研究视角,实证研究产学研合作背景下知识距离、吸收能力与合作绩效之间的关系。研究结果显示,产学研合作背景下知识深度距离对潜在吸收能力有负向影响作用,知识宽度距离对潜在吸收能力有正向影响作用,潜在吸收能力有利于实际吸收能力的提升,组织学习在吸收能力的两个维度间起调节作用,实际吸收能力的提升最终有利于合作绩效的提高。     

对企业竞争优势的本质分析

关于企业竞争优势的源泉和本质国内外学者从不同的角度进行了研究。已经出现了企业资源理论,能力理论,知识理论和创新理论等多种理论解释。本文则是从能力理论的观点出发．认为核心竞争力是企业竞争优势的本源,是通过企业的核心理念,组织的学习力和组织的创新力三者有机的结合表现出来的,它是企业保持持久竞争优势最本质的东西。     

跨组织大规模协作:特征、要素与运行机制

基于模块化技术的作用,资产专用性下降,垂直一体化企业被分解,全球价值链得到重构,跨组织大规模协作则逐渐成为组织间合作的重要形式,成为维基经济中财富创造的新引擎。它使企业能够利用群体智慧与自组织作为有力的杠杆来削减成本、快速创新,与顾客、合作伙伴共同实现价值的创造,从而顺利地构建起21世纪的商业平台。本文就跨组织大规模协作这种新型生产组织形式的特征、实现要素以及运行机制进行探讨,旨在为我国的企业发展与变革提供启示。     

面向供应链的环境治理组织模式研究——基于交易费用视角的考察

环境治理的组织形式既可以是单个企业的末端治理，也可以是具有纵向关系的企业间合作治理。后一种环境治理组织方式在激励机制、节约信息成本和治理成本等方面具有的优势．已经越来越成为政府环境治理和企业提高竞争力的重要途径。本文试图借助交易费用理论．从供应链的视角考察具有纵向关系的企业间合作环境治理的组织形式与结构，并进一步探讨供应链上环境治理的驱动者与驱动方式的选择问题。分析表明．面向供应链的环境政策是末端治理政策一个很好的补充与替代。但面向供应链的环境政策必须能够降低供应链上企业环境治理的交易成本．并依据纵向关系或供应链的组织特征而有所差异．才能提高企业问协调环境治理效率。     

Conceptualizing coopetition as a process: An outline of change in cooperative and competitive interactions

This study discusses how and why cooperative interactions between competitors change as their coopetitive relation develops over time. Such cooperative interactions are conceptualized to depend on the existence of agreements between competitors, or rules for cooperating and competing, which are formulated based on past experiences from mutual interaction. The purpose is to develop a framework which explains change in coopetitive interactions and particularly in inter-organizational rules for interaction. This framework distinguishes three mechanisms underlying change: inter-organizational learning manifested in cooperation between competitors, intra-organizational learning based on confrontations between conflicting experiences among organizational members, and the development of the external environment. Based on this generic framework, three scenarios are developed that delineate the nature of the change process in relations characterized respectively by strong competitive and cooperative dimensions, and in relations characterized by equal and moderately strong levels of cooperation and competition. These scenarios further suggest that rules for interaction change in a predefined or discontinuous manner depending on the balance and strength of the cooperative and competitive interactions.     

A conceptualization of an organizational learning culture in international joint ventures

This paper focuses on organizational learning and innovation in international joint ventures (IJVs). Organizational learning addresses how organizations adapt to their environments, develop new knowledge, and then achieve competitive advantage. The authors present a conceptual framework that depicts the relationship between the parent organization(s)' climate, IJVs' organizational learning culture, innovativeness culture, innovation capacity, and IJV performance. Broadly, the IJV achieves superior performance by higher levels of innovativeness (openness to new ideas) and innovation capacity (capacity to implement innovations), which are associated with its organizational learning culture.     

The Credibility–Cooperation Connection at the R&D-Marketing Interface

Research and development (R&D) managers' perceptions of both marketing information and marketing managers are analyzed using an information and source credibility framework. The findings are based on a study of R&D directors in 80 technology-intensive companies and focus on activities and interactions during the new product development process. The authors found that the R&D managers' perceptions differed significantly in high and low integration companies. These perceptions also were influenced by various organizational practices. The R&D-marketing cooperation was highest where organizational practices were conducive to cooperation and R&D perceived marketing input as credible. Several implications for creating a corporate climate conducive to interfunctional cooperation are developed.     

Global Innovation in MNCs: The Effects of Subsidiary Self‐Determination and Teamwork*

The ability of multinational corporations (MNCs) to leverage their innovation competencies across globally dispersed subsidiaries is an increasingly valuable source of competitive advantage. As multinational enterprises turn to foreign subsidiaries for research and development (R&D) and product development, questions arise regarding the most effective organizational structures for global innovation. Although organizational conditions that satisfy the needs for self‐determination and teamwork have long been considered intrinsic motivators, past research has not analyzed the consequences of intrinsic motivators on global innovation. The basic research question is this: In globally dispersed subsidiary R&D units, what organizational conditions and motivators are associated with the highest knowledge output? A sample of 275 globally dispersed R&D subsidiaries were studied from 1995 to 2002. Data were collected from a postal survey, field and telephone interviews, and secondary sources. Subsidiary self‐determination and teamwork were found to have a significant effect on knowledge output, as objectively measured by patent citations. Subsidiary self‐determination on inputs such as sourcing and hiring, and self‐determination on outputs such as marketing and product development, emerged as positive determinants of knowledge generation in R&D subsidiaries. In addition, interteam cooperation and intrateam cooperation were significant determinants of knowledge generation by subsidiaries. These findings highlight the importance of self‐determination, teamwork, and cooperation to knowledge creation and innovations. Managers face the tough challenge of how to motivate globally dispersed knowledge workers to conduct research that will generate knowledge and will strengthen firm performance. The results provide theoretical and practical insights on how MNCs can leverage their innovation competencies across foreign R&D subsidiaries.     

The role of institutional arbitrage in the search for product innovation: Firm level evidence from Norway

Evolutionary theorizing conceptualizes the discovery of new products as a successful outcome from searching for innovation in which firms combine new and old knowledge and resources. Prior research has shown that the propensity for discovering new products is greatest when firms cross a technological and/or organizational boundary in the search for new knowledge. In this paper, we add a new dimension to this literature: we examine whether, and to what extent, crossing a national boundary, as when firms use knowledge from network partners in foreign countries, influences the likelihood that firms will introduce new products into the market. Drawing on theorizing on institutional arbitrage in the literature on national innovation systems (NIS) and varieties of capitalism (VOC), we propose that companies that cross a national boundary in searching for innovation are significantly more likely to introduce new products. Detailed survey data on firms; data on their network partners, including their location; and regression analysis show that the use of knowledge from actors in foreign NIS has a positive influence on product innovation.     

组织自主创新：理论观点与研究视角述评

文章认为，创新与企业家精神是知识经济时代组织发展与经济成长的重要动力。作者从组织创新理论与创造力理论相结合的角度，对组织自主创新的理论观点和研究视角进行了全面的分析与考察，探索了构建组织自主创新的理论框架，并讨论了网络经济条件下的网络化创新问题。     

企业治理之租金视角研究--一个理论框架及其在高科技企业中的应用

本文从租金的角度对企业治理进行了研究,指出组织租金创造与分配是现代企业治理的重要内容,企业家精神在其中占据着关键地位。文章提出一个关于治理的一般性分析框架,在此框架下结合企业生命周期对高科技企业治理进行了动态研究,并对中国高科技企业治理进行了分析。     

The politics of public safety communication interoperability regulation

This article examines an understudied area of telecommunication policy, namely the regulation of public safety radio communication to bring about communication interoperability. Commonality and funding are the two intertwined policy challenges need to be overcome to achieve this interoperability. Addressing these challenges separately, US federal policy has struggled to establish communication interoperability. By contrast, the integrated approach of the Europeans has resulted in a relatively successful outcome. It is argued that this integrated approach may even permit the transplantation of a more general telecommunication policy thread—competition—to the public safety radio communication field. However, whether interoperability is established may also be linked to intra-agency fears of a potential re-direction of hierarchical communication flows brought about by new (and configurable) communication infrastructure. If this is the case, policy-makers regulating for interoperability will need to take into account inter- and intra-agency organizational dynamics as well.     

A dynamic capabilities-based framework of organizational sensemaking through combinative capabilities towards exploratory and exploitative product innovation in turbulent environments

This study develops a dynamic capabilities-based framework of organizational sensemaking through combinative capabilities towards exploratory and exploitative product innovation. Organizational sensemaking helps organizations develop cognitive maps of turbulent environments through its construction of shared interpretations of environmental changes. We argue, however, that successful exploratory and exploitative product innovation are not guaranteed by organizational sensemaking alone, but instead depend on how firms' capabilities synergistically combine and transform knowledge resources. Organizational sensemaking and combinative capabilities are together positioned as important dynamic capabilities. The dynamic capabilities-based framework is applied to explain why and how organizational sensemaking determining superior exploratory and exploitative product innovation in turbulent environments is realized by combinative capabilities. Furthermore, the paper examines the differential effects of combinative capabilities on the firm's exploratory versus exploitative product innovation. Firms can better understand how to leverage different type of combinative capabilities for optimal outcomes.