Pricing Internal Trade to Get a Leg up on External Rivals

The pricing of transfers from parent to subsidiary is an oft-explored issue. Linking the cost of internal transfers with external market prices is one common approach, typically justified when the market for the good is perfectly competitive. This paper shows that imperfect competition may also justify market-based transfer prices. Concern that transfer price will deviate from marginal cost and thereby distort subsidiary choices can lead a parent to undertake actions to influence the market price of the upstream good. Such efforts can provide a desirable strategic posture in the upstream market.     

Continuity and Change in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Social Identity Case Study of a German Industrial Merger*

abstract It is crucial from an employee's point of view to perceive some degree of stability even in times of major organizational change. This paper examines the role of a sense of continuity for organizational identification after an organizational merger. We argue that mergers and acquisitions so often end in failures partly because the change is designed in discontinuous ways and employees do not feel they are doing the same job after the merger as before. Such discontinuous change engenders a critical tension between positive and negative effects of identification that has not yet been fully understood. To deepen the understanding of this tension, in‐depth interviews were conducted in a recently merged German industrial company. Based on these qualitative data we demonstrate how features of the post‐merger company structure and the way it was implemented may have eroded organizational identification. Finally, we propose a parsimonious model to be tested by future research, in which the sense of continuity is consisting of both observable as well as projected continuity.     

The Impact of the Big 8 Mergers on Market Power: Evidence from the Hong Kong Market

This study examines the impact of the Big 8 mergers on market power in an audit market where the merging firms have little presence. Audit fee changes for each merger participating firm are identified and fee changes for several post‐merger years are examined. The pre‐merger differential market power between the merging and non‐merging long‐established Big 8 firms (Price Waterhouse and KPMG Peat Marwick) in Hong Kong provides a unique opportunity to examine whether the mergers could help the merging firms to increase their market power. The results are consistent with the hypotheses that the audit fees of the merging firms were significantly lower than that of the non‐merging, long‐established Big 8 firms before the mergers, but the audit fees of the merged firms increased significantly to a level comparable with that of the latter group after the mergers. In addition, the market share of the merged firms increased significantly after the mergers. However, no association is found between market concentration and market power. Overall, the results show that the Big 8 mergers have helped the merged firms increase their market power and market share in the Hong Kong audit market where they had little presence.     

横向并购反垄断审查中的效率与反竞争效应权衡

企业通过横向并购能够实现规模经济或范围经济,降低交易成本,但同时也可能导致排除、限制竞争的效果。威廉姆森（Williamson）首先提出评价横向并购的核心问题是如何在并购可能导致的效率收益和市场支配力增长之间进行权衡。美国司法部和联邦贸易委员会2010年发布的《横向合并指南》认为,效率应当是可认知的、合并所特有的且不带有模糊性和推测性的效率;欧盟委员会2004年《横向合并指南》认为成功的效率辩护必须具备三个条件,一是给消费者带来实际利益,二是并购所特有,三是能够被欧盟委员会所证实。美、欧执法机构虽然在并购反垄断审查中逐步重视效率因素的考量,但至今尚无案例显示成功的效率抗辩使一项可能具有反竞争效果的并购交易得以批准。中国执法机构应当认识到效率考量的必要性和重要性,确立社会总福利的效率衡量标准,探索针对效率的经济学分析框架。     

中国矿产资源行业并购对股东财富的影响研究

随着我国股票市场的日趋成熟,并购在资本市场中扮演越来越重要的角色。同全球并购的缓慢复苏相比,2011年中国却并购掀起了新一轮的高潮。2011年中国能源及矿产行业完成的并购交易数量为153起,占并购总量的13.2%;并购交易金额高达219.83亿美元,占并购总额的32.8%。本文运用事件法,从股东财富的角度分析了2005-2011年间中国矿产资源类上市公司的短期并购绩效。通过对并购事件发生的窗口期[-5,5]内上市公司的超额收益率的研究发现并购公司在并购窗口期内的股东财富仅仅在宣告日前后两天有少量的增加,此后一直呈现下降的趋势。说明并购事件并未对股东财富形成积极的影响。本文试图从股票市场本身做出进一步的阐释,意在说明我国的股票市场中存在短期投机性。     

企业并购经历对并购业绩的影响

本文研究了企业的并购历史对企业当前并购业绩的影响。在短期看来，企业可以从以往的并购行为中吸取经验，提高当前实施的并购战略的绩效。从长期看来，以往的成功经验会给企业的并购战略带来惯性。这种惯性开始很小，随着时间的推移惯性逐渐增加。企业惯性只有经过量的积累达到一定的程度时才会给企业行为带来危害。     

基层治理主体对城市建成空间的影响研究——以深圳原特区外为例

城市建成空间研究正在发生政治和制度转向,根植于国家与社会互动关系的城市治理理论,为剖析城市建成空间演变提供了有益视角和分析框架。以深圳原特区外为研究对象,以“治理主体—行动策略—建成空间响应”为分析框架,着力探讨基层治理主体作用力与组合方式对城市建成空间的影响机制。研究结果表明:(1)城市建成空间对不同治理主体作用具有显著的响应机制,“四面开花”是基层治理主体主导下典型的建成空间特征;(2)深圳在快速城市化背景下,由乡镇政府与原农村集体组成的基层治理主体通过对其实际占有的土地实施生产型、破碎化的空间开发策略,推动原特区外建成空间与特区内相比,形成空间权属、空间结构、空间效益和景观格局的二元特征;(3)1979~2010年,深圳原特区外建成空间虽一直受基层治理主体主导,但市级治理主体管治能力和范围不断变化,各治理主体行动策略变迁、博弈过程和组合方式推动城市建成空间形成三阶段特征。     

房地产企业并购案例分析——以融创、万达“世纪并购”为例

在国家对房地产产业宏观调控近一步深化的背景下,越来越多的房地产企业开始由过去的拿地竞争转变为现在的控股合并。企业并购能否实现自身战略发展,其动因及风险分析至关重要。本文以万达商业和融创中国"世纪并购"为例,对当今房地产企业并购的双方动因和并购风险进行了系统分析,在此基础上提出对房地产企业的并购的相关对策和建议,为我国房地产行业及房地产企业的良性健康发展提供启示和借鉴。     

Being ‘Green and Competitive’: The Impact of Environmental Actions and Collaborations on Firm Performance

In this paper, we seek to enhance the understanding of the link between environmental management and firm performance, so contributing to the debate of being “green and competitive”. Relying on the resource‐based view, we study the effect of different environmental management capabilities on a firm's market and image performance. In particular, we analyze the capabilities to implement product and process‐related environmental actions with different types of environmental focus (materials, energy, pollution) and the capabilities to develop environmental collaborations with different types of actors (both business actors and non‐business actors). To this aim we conducted a survey on 122 Italian companies. Results show that market performance and image performance have partially different antecedents. Specifically, a firm's market performance is positively affected by the capabilities to implement environmental actions with a focus on energy and pollution and to develop environmental collaborations both with business and with non‐business actors. On the other hand, a firm's image performance is positively affected by the capabilities to implement environmental actions with a focus on materials and to develop environmental collaborations with non‐business actors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

The Transition from Strategic Technology Alliances to Mergers and Acquisitions: An Exploratory Study

This paper studies a number of research topics derived from the basic question: do interfirm alliances change into mergers and acquisitions as companies that were previously co-operating become integrated? The analysis is limited to the group of strategic technology alliances, i.e. those interfirm agreements for which joint technology development or technology sharing is part of the agreement. The paper first explores the literature that refers to the possible transition from strategic technology alliances to mergers and acquisitions. Based on this we formulate a number of hypotheses regarding the change in modes of governance and several dimensions of this process related to the international distribution of transformed alliances, their industry specificity, the size of firms, and the distribution of contractual and equity agreements. The major finding of our research is that the transformation from strategic technology alliance to merger and acquisition hardly ever takes place. This suggests that alliances and mergers and acquisitions are not part of a rather smooth continuum but they are first of all different modes of governance where one mode certainly does not lead to the other     

Synergies and Internal Agency Conflicts: The Double-Edged Sword of Mergers

This paper investigates the interaction between synergies and internal agency conflicts that emerges endogenously in multi-division firms. A divisional manager's entrenchment choice depends directly on the specificity of her division's assets, because the specificity governs whether entrenchment activities reduce the likelihood of her division being divested. The presence of synergies, by modifying the difference between the value of assets in their current use and in alternative uses, may alter the divisional manager's entrenchment incentive. In "the double-edged sword of mergers," synergy and internal agency effects are of opposite sign and merger gains may not be increasing in expected synergies. We characterize when divisions should optimally stand alone and when they should be part of a merged firm. We predict an absence of diversifying mergers in industries plagued by misdeployed assets, offer a novel explanation for the cross-sectional variation in postmerger valuation, and explain why mergers may be valuable ex ante while leading to successful divestitures ex post.     

The Cognitive and Behavioural Dimensions of Organizational Learning in a Merger: an Empirical Study

This paper addresses the links between cognitive and behavioural learning at both a theoretical and empirical level. An integrative model is developed which identifies a number of conceptually distinct learning modes and which incorporates the tacit aspect of knowledge. An empirical illustration of this model is provided in the form of a case study of a merger of two companies in the BSN-Danone Group. Mergers provide firms with opportunities for shared learning but this study also identifies several barriers to learning. The managerial implications of an integrated approach to organizational learning are also discussed.     

商业银行进入资本市场的突破口:并购业务

本文在分析商业银行优势的基础上，提出商业银行开展资本市场业务的突破口应选择并购业务的理由。全面分析了资本市场并购业务的特色及供求现状，认为并购业务的智能驱动及其供给不足使商业银行的进入成为可能。探讨了商业银行在并购业务中的角色与功能，对我国商业银行的改革与发展具有一定的指导意义和实践价值。     

企业并购中目标企业的定价方法述评

在企业并购的过程中,如何对目标企业的价值进行评估是一个非常重要的环节,也是并购双方所关注的焦点问题。本文对西方现有的并购定价理论进行了梳理,并就各种方法优缺点进行了评论,旨在为我国的企业并购决策提供参考。     

会计师事务所合并、审计市场结构与审计定价

以2006年至2009年初发生的8起"强强联合"会计师事务所合并案为研究对象,分析合并发生前后审计市场结构与审计定价的变化后发现:随着会计师事务所合并案的增多,市场结构呈现出市场集中度增加以及大所之间竞争更为均衡的特点,国内本土所的市场力量在逐渐增强,但与国际"四大"之间还存在着十分明显的差距。从单变量检验来看,合并后会计师事务所对同一客户的审计收费较合并前显著增加,但在控制其他影响审计定价的因素后,合并因素对审计定价虽仍有正向作用,但是在统计上并不显著。     

非经常性损益对沪市上市公司财务业绩影响研究

文章通过非经常性损益、各非经常性损益项目对上市公司财务的整体影响以及对各非经常性损益项目对公司财务业绩的具体影响三个层次的分析,发现上市公司通过主营业务经营所获得的收益仍然是构成2003年财务业绩的主要来源,并且有继续向好的趋势;其整体业绩并未因非经常性损益的原因而导致质量低下。但同时数据也表明,部分上市公司利用各非经常性损益项目进行利润调节的现象仍然较为严重,对微利公司和 T族公司尤为如此。文章也对非经常性损益项目的构成进行了分析,揭示出了2003年度上市公司利用非经常性损益来调节利润的主要手段。此外,文章对目前有关部门对非经济性损益的相关规定进行了剖析,揭示出其存在的不足之处,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

基于协同效应下企业并购的经济条件分析

本文针对传统的并购中企业价值评估方法的缺陷,提出了基于协同效应的目标企业价值的评价方法,并在此基础上分析了企业并购应满足的经济条件,从而提高了企业决策的科学性和合理性。     

Trade Liberalization and Industrial Restructuring: The Role of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

This paper analyzes industry adjustments to trade liberalization. It introduces cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as an alternative mode of industrial restructuring to firms' exit. In a two-country Cournot model, we examine the responses of domestic and foreign firms endowed with different technologies for different stages of trade openness. It is found that the less efficient firm loses market shares in its home market at the beginning of trade liberalization. Only for a more advanced level of liberalization, does it take advantage of a larger access to foreign demand. Trade liberalization may therefore harm its profits too strongly, forcing it to leave the market. However, although its incentives decrease with trade liberalization, the high-technology firm may be willing to take it over for low organizational and technological costs of firms' integration. In addition, it may buy it out even if the less efficient firm manages to stay. Then, trade liberalization affects M&A incentives depending on the technological gap. For low and high (medium) gap, there is an inverted U- (W-) shaped relation between trade costs and incentives to merge. Moreover, although technology transfer is assumed to be complete, M&A may lead to a reduction in consumers' welfare. Firms may capture some pro-competitive gains from economic openness. Lastly, an empirical analysis based on a data set of OECD members' multinationals gives some support to these theoretical predictions.