外资银行的新"圈地运动"--金融产品的专利壁垒

《南方周末》的一篇文章《花旗银行暗布专利,中资银行何时梦醒》报道了从1996年至今,花旗银行共向我国专利局提交了19项金融产品的“商业方法类”发明专利的申请,光说明书就长达1404     

花旗银行抢注专利中资银行应该警醒

从1996年起至今,花旗银行不动声色地在中国申请了19项金融产品的"商业方法类"发明专利.这19项"商业方法类"发明专利,一是可以强化自身服务能力,二是可以通过转让授权获利,三是形成同类产品的垄断性优势--竞争者一旦进入,有可能面临巨额罚款,最终被迫退出市场.尽管花旗银行的这些专利因为我国暂时还没有对商业方法进行专利保护而未通过我国国家专利局的最终审定,但其带来的影响不可小觑.由于我国专利法实行的是先申请制,一旦国家专利局开始就商业方法类发明专利授权,花旗银行的这些发明专利就可以理所当然地率先卡位.     

直面外资银行专利壁垒

2002年底,花旗银行抢注专利一事震惊了中国银行业。自1996年起,花旗银行已不动声色地向我国专利局提交了19项金融产品商业方法类的发明专利申请,并已进入实质审查状态。这些专利申请一旦授权,从事同类金融产品和服务的其他银行不仅可能承担侵权责任,而且可能面临被挤出相关金融业务市场的     

外资银行的金融专利壁垒与我国商业银行的应对之策

从1996年到2003年底，美国花旗银行已经向中国国家专利局提交了19项金融产品的“商业方法类”发明专利的申请，现均已进入实质审查阶段。2003年4月，国家专利局通过了对中国工商银行的牡丹国际卡“一卡双帐户银行卡处理装置”的“实用新型专利”审查，同时这也是国内银行卡首次获得的国家专利。金融产品专利可以使商业银行强     

打破花旗的金融专利“壁垒”

1996年起至2003年底，美国花旗银行已经在中国提交了19项金融产品的“商业方法类”发明专利的申请，现均已进入实质审查阶段；2003年4月，国家专利局通过了对中国工商银行的牡丹国际卡“一卡双账户银行卡处理装置”的“实用新型专利”审查。这是国内银行卡首次获得的国家专利。这是一个有趣的对比。     

银行商业方法专利保护问题研究

花旗银行在我国申请19项金融产品专利引起了人们对金融商业方法专利的探讨。本文试从我国银行产业专利保护的现状分析出发,阐述了商业方法专利的基本概念和商业方法可专利性的法理基础,并对商业方法专利的创造性标准及标准化趋势进行了简要分析,提出了我国金融商业方法专利保护的一些启示。     

银行商业方法专和保护问题研究

花旗银行在我国申请19项金融产品专利引起了人们对金融商业方法专利的探讨.本文试从我国银行产业专利保护的现状分析出发,阐述了商业方法专利的基本概念和商业方法可专利性的法理基础,并对商业方法专利的创造性标准及标准化趋势进行了简要分析,提出了我国金融商业方法专利保护的一些启示.     

金融专利，中资银行不能沉默

自1992年开始,花旗银行在中国悄然申报19项金融产品发明专利,为建立网上银行霸主地位抢得先机。此消息的公开,引起国内金融界的广泛关注:暴露出我国金融机构专利保护意识薄弱、金融专利研发能力和技术滞后等问题;并引发中资银行金融专利自卫反击战!     

中外银行在我国商业方法类专利申请的现状解析

当美国花旗银行在中国申请19项与金融业有关的“商业方法”专利被曝光后，在国内引起了轩然大波。各界学的紧密关注和银行界人士的高度恐慌交织在一起。大家普遍认为外资银行申请“商业方法”专利必然会为我国银行业的发展筑起强大的专利“壁垒”。在这种背景下，为了对抗外资银行的专利挑战，国内银行也纷纷向国家知识产权局提交“商业方法”专利申请，其数量甚至远远超过了美国花旗银行的专利申请量。国内银行申请专利的做法真能成为有效对抗国外银行进攻的锐利武器吗？本拟通过对中外资银行商业方法类专利申请的现状进行详细对照，找到以上问题的答案。[第一段]     

美国商业银行专利战略对我国商业银行的启示

2002年曝光的花旗银行在华申请商业方法专利事件,敲响了国内银行对金融产品专利申请的警钟。面对外资银行进驻国内金融市场,提高我国商业银行的竞争力,实施适宜的专利战略,加强对金融商业方法专利的研究是十分必要的。本文在对美国及国内商业银行专利申请的现状进行分析对比的基础上,发现我国商业银行在金融专利的保护方面存在着不足之处。因此,针对有关情况提出了一些可供参考的建议。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.