需求不确定条件下供应链的嵌入式期权机制

期权在供应链管理中有着广泛的应用，通过引入嵌入式期权合同，零售商可以将部分的市场风险转移给供应商并支付期权费给供应商作为补偿。在市场需求不确定性条件下，以单个供应商和单个零售商组成的简单供应链为研究对象，研究引入嵌入式期权合同后对供应链各成员制定最优决策的影响。研究发现，嵌入式期权的引入可以提高供应链各成员的期望收益、克服双重边际化效应，从而实现供应链协调。     

农产品供应链协调中的期权契约价值研究

通过分析供应链期权机制,建立了农产品供应链协调下的各决策主体的决策模型。基于此模型求得协调状况下供应商的最优价格、产能决策和零售商的最优购买决策。说明了农产品供应链中引入期权机制之后,供应链实现了收益共享、风险共担。     

基于看跌期权的两级供应链回购策略研究

研究由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链协调机制设计问题.首先在经典报童模型的基础上,引入一种基于看跌期权的回购契约；通过分析指出供应商通过期权契约参数(K,b)的合理设置,可以很好的解决经典报童模型中的“双重边际化”问题,实现供应链的协调；最后通过数值分析,将存在期权契约和不存在期权契约的情况进行比较,通过契约参数的合理设置,零售商订购量以及整个供应链系统的期望收益都有所增加,验证了该看跌期权回购契约的有效性.     

期权供应合约下的分销商两阶段式最优订货决策

本文引入期权机制,建立具有一定柔性的两阶段式订购模型;讨论分销商第二阶段的决策,即分销商如何选择期权的执行数量;解决了期权供应合约中一个重要的决策问题。最后,分析了最优期权执行量与四个相关因素的关系。这四个因素为:分销商单位缺货成本,分销商出售产品的单价,期权的执行价格,以及期末分销商手中过剩成品的单位残值。     

价格敏感型供应链期权契约研究

在一个由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链中,在考虑市场需求受到价格因素影响的情况下,单纯的供应链期权契约无法有效的发挥作用。通过建立收益共享机制下的供应链期权契约机制,从而实现了供应链的有效协调。最后,通过模型仿真验证了研究结论的有效性。     

疫情风险下基于看涨期权的生鲜农产品供应链决策

新冠疫情对生鲜农产品供应链造成严重冲击,为缓解这一痛点,在疫情风险背景下,构建了一个生鲜农产品供应商和零售商组成的单周期两阶段生鲜农产品供应链,并引入看涨期权,研究零售商和供应商的最优订货定价策略。研究表明：零售商的最优期权订购量是疫情风险系数、期权订购价和期权执行价的减函数。供应商不同时存在最优期权订购价和最优期权执行价,但若固定其中一个,便能获得供应商最优期望利润。供应商通过提高期权订购价或期权执行价均可增加自身期望利润,但其代价是减少零售商的期望利润,以致供应链总期望利润降低,这对供应链的发展不利,可通过调整期权价格,以实现供应链协调。另外,疫情风险对供应链期望利润的影响存在一个拐点,当疫情风险低于该拐点时,供应链期望利润是疫情风险的增函数,此时零售商购买看涨期权对供应链有利,反之则不利。因此在疫情初期,零售商购买看涨期权会不断增加供应链收益,但随着疫情的不断恶化,供应链收益会不断减少。     

期权合同在供应链采购中的应用

为分析具有期权性质的合同对于采购方降低成本的价值，文章讨论了期权合同在由一个供应商和一个制造商组成的两极供应链中的应用，并通过建立数学模型找出制造商的最优订购策略，证明了期权合同对于采购方降低采购成本、规避价格风险具有显著的作用。     

缺货惩罚分担机制下考虑顾客退货的易逝品供应链优化策略

在简单二级易逝品供应链中考虑了顾客退货、缺货惩罚成本分担,针对制造商两阶段生产且给予零售商一次订货的前提下,建立并分析引入期权契约的决策模型,得出了零售商初始订购量和期权购买量。研究表明,通过引入期权机制,使分散决策的供应链得到优化,增加供应链效益,数值算例验证了结论的有效性。     

基于期权的农产品供应链模式分析

首先分析了农产品供应链的一般模式及其存在的问题,然后结合期权理论与农产品供应链的自身特点,以及我国现阶段农民专业合作社的特点及发展情况,提出了新的模式＂公司＋农民专业合作社＋农户＋期权＂。在此模式的基础上,运用经典的Black-Scholes期权定价模型对棉花供应链进行实例分析,说明了在农产品供应链中引入新模式之后,供应链实现了收益共享、风险共担,由此促进了农村经济的发展。     

基于期权的供应链协调契约风险收益研究

文章研究单周期的两级供应链契约模型,在供应链契约中引入单向和双向期权以分析零售商的风险和收益,而期权出售者向零售商收取的费用由期权产生的支出成本以及风险报酬组成。最后采用均值—方差方法得出零售商的有效前沿,通过数据分析得出零售商可以通过风险和收益选择合适的期权。     

Advance selling of new products to strategic consumers on flash sale platforms*

Flash sale (FS) is a new business model that offers discounted products in limited numbers over a short period. In this paper we discuss the impact of strategic consumers on advance selling (AS) of new products on FS platforms. We first study the impact of strategic consumers on competing retailers adopting AS to sell a homogeneous new product. And find that the retailers’ AS profits and inventory quantities decrease with the strategic customers’ valuation and valuation decreasing rate. Then we analyse whether FS can mitigate the impact of strategic customers on retailers adopting AS for new products. We consider a newsvendor model involving only one retailer adopting AS to sell a new product. We derive the results by comparing this model with two counterpart models, namely the classical newsvendor model with no strategic customers and a newsvendor model with strategic customers where the retailer does not use FS under AS.     

Forecasting third-party mobile payments with implications for customer flow prediction

Forecasting customer flow is key for retailers in making daily operational decisions, but small retailers often lack the resources to obtain such forecasts. Rather than forecasting stores’ total customer flows, this research utilizes emerging third-party mobile payment data to provide participating stores with a value-added service by forecasting their share of daily customer flows. These customer transactions using mobile payments can then be utilized further to derive retailers’ total customer flows indirectly, thereby overcoming the constraints that small retailers face. We propose a third-party mobile-payment-platform centered daily mobile payments forecasting solution based on an extension of the newly-developed Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT) method which can generate multi-step forecasts for many stores concurrently. Using empirical forecasting experiments with thousands of time series, we show that GBRT, together with a strategy for multi-period-ahead forecasting, provides more accurate forecasts than established benchmarks. Pooling data from the platform across stores leads to benefits relative to analyzing the data individually, thus demonstrating the value of this machine learning application.     

BIG‐BOX RETAILERS,RETAIL EMPLOYMENT,AND WAGES IN THE US

This paper examines the dynamic interrelationship between the presence of big‐box retailers and retail employment and wages in the United States at county level for 1986–2005 using panel vector autoregressions (Panel VAR). The Panel VAR approach addresses endogenous interactions among the variables in the system. In other words, this approach takes into account the fact that the presence of big‐box retailers can have an impact on retail employment and wages and at the same time, retail employment and wages can influence the presence of big‐box retailers. Results indicate that the presence of big‐box retailers has a positive effect on employment but a negative effect on wages. The effect on wages is relatively greater and is more prolonged than the effect on employment. Both employment and wages have an instant (first year) positive effect on the presence of big‐box retailers, which implies that big‐box stores are located in areas where the economy is growing.     

The role of physical distribution services as determinants of product returns in Internet retailing

Pressure continues to build on Internet retailers to squeeze out inefficiencies from their day-to-day operations. One major source of such inefficiencies is product returns. Indeed, product returns in Internet retailing have been shown to be, on average, as high as 22% of sales. Yet, most retailers accept them as a necessary cost of doing business. This is not surprising since many retailers do not have a clear understanding of the causes of product returns. While it is known that return policies of retailers, along with product attributes, are two important factors related to product return incidents, little is known about which aspects of the online retail transaction make such a purchase more return-prone. In the current study, we seek to address this issue. We use a large data set of customer purchases and returns to identify how process attributes in physical distribution service (PDS) influence product returns. The first attribute involves perceptions of scarcity conditions in inventory availability among consumers when retailers reveal to consumers information on inventory levels for the products that they intend to buy. Our results show that orders in which items are sold when these conditions are revealed to shoppers have a higher likelihood of being returned than orders in which these conditions are not revealed. While prior research has argued that inventory scarcity perceptions have an effect on purchases, our findings suggest that they are also related to the likelihood of these purchases being returned. The second attribute involves the reliability in the delivery of orders to consumers. We find that the likelihood of orders being returned depends on the consistency between retailer promises of timeliness in the delivery of orders and the actual delivery performance of the orders. Moreover, we find that the effect that consistency in the delivery has in the likelihood of returns, is stronger for orders that involve promises for expedited delivery than for orders with less expeditious promises. That is, although the occurrence of returns depends on the delays in the delivery of orders to consumers relative to the initial promises made by the retailers, this effect is more notable for orders that involve promises of fast delivery.     

Direct Marketing in Oligopoly

We consider a game in which symmetric manufacturers decide whether to set up sites (e.g., web sites) where consumers can buy their products directly. Following this decision, the manufacturers choose quantities to sell to the retailers, and then the manufacturers with direct‐sales sites and retailers choose quantities to sell to the consumers. We show that since an increase in the number of retailers may drive the direct‐selling manufacturers from the retail market, it may raise the retailers’ profit and reduce social welfare. Finally, we discuss two cases: an oligopolistic wholesale market and a market with price competition and differentiated products.     

基于库存调剂的易逝品供应链合作利益分配问题探讨

本文将解决多人合作博弈问题的Shapley值方法用于解决两级易逝品供应链合作利益分配问题。考虑由一个供应商和两个零售商所组成的两级供应链模型,零售商与供应商不合作时,零售商根据供应商的批发价确定订货量,合作时共同决定库存,零售商之间的合作为共同决定订货量且通过库存调剂(转运)共享库存,三方合作可获最大利益,采用Shapley值法可合理分配合作利益,从而使合作更稳定。     

探析家电零售连锁企业物流配送问题

家电零售连锁企业处理信息流、商流、资金流方面差异已不大,企业的核心竞争力主要集中在物流和商业模式的创新上。而物流中的城市配送则直接关系到客户服务质量、客户满意度的高低,成为争夺客户的关键。从家电零售连锁企业的发展谈起,指出了家电连锁企业配送的特点,分析了我国连锁零售企业物流配送的现状及存在的一些问题,并给出了应对这些问题的几点建议。     

Integrative retail logistics: An exploratory study

Grocery retail companies have gone through a transformational change in the past by heavily investing in distribution centers of their own and by expanding their logistics activities. As a result, many retailers are now in the process of better adjusting their logistics operations to their specific requirements against the backdrop of raising pressure in a highly competitive environment. In this light, we provide an exploratory study based on semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 28 leading European grocery retailers. First we examine the current strategic designs of grocery retailers’ internal logistics networks. Next, we shift our focus to the resulting interdependencies in tactical supply chain planning between instore operations and upstream logistics processes. We have identified five interdependent planning issues: order packaging unit, store delivery pattern, store replenishment lead time, store delivery arrival times and arrival time windows, as well as roll-cage sequencing and loading carriers. Each of these mid-term planning interdependencies is evaluated with regard to implications in the stores, in transportation and in the distribution centers. The mid-term operations planning issues in the grocery retail industry considered in this paper have remained practically unexplored up to now. The outcome of this empirical research study therefore has substantial relevance for future retail research and practice.     

Informal institutional constraints and their impact on HRM and employee satisfaction: evidence from China's retail sector

This paper seeks to assess whether informal institutions can affect human resource management practices. Specifically, we examine whether the social norm of respect for authority, an important informal social institution in countries like China, constrains employee participation, and whether this affects employee satisfaction in foreign-invested and state-owned retailers in China, respectively. Data are derived from questionnaires completed by almost 1900 employees at 22 foreign-invested and state-owned retail stores in nine Chinese cities. We indicate that a norm such as respect for authority can operate as a constraint on human resource management practices such as employee participation with related impacts upon satisfaction levels in foreign-invested and state-owned retailers, but that these play out in unexpected ways.     

从大学生网络消费的特征浅谈网络营销策略

进入电子商务时代后,大学生对网络购物方式及网络消费的接受和认可程度有所提高。文章对大学生网络消费的特点及影响消费的因素进行分析,在此基础上,提出一些网络营销策略,为网上零售商提供参考。