The Effect of Status on Charitable Giving

Fundraisers often start their campaigns by soliciting the wealthier, more recognized, and respected individuals in a community. We examine whether the success of this solicitation ordering in part can be attributed to the fact that it enables individuals to select organizations that have a high‐status donor base. Assuming that individuals prefer to associate with individuals of higher social ranking we use a simple linear model to show that both aggregate donations and earnings are larger when high‐status donors are solicited first. We investigate the predicted comparative statics using the experimental laboratory. Inducing a status differential we reverse the contribution ordering between participants of high and low status. Consistent with current fundraising practice, we find that low‐status followers are likely to mimic donations by high‐status leaders and this encourages high‐status leaders to give. Donations are therefore larger when individuals of high status give before rather than after those of low status.     

A Model of Behavior in Coordination Game Experiments

This paper constructs a structural model for behavior in expeiments where subjects play a simple coordination game repeatedly under a rotating partner scheme. The model assumes subjects' actions are stochastic best responses to beliefs about opponents' choices, and these beliefs update as subjects observe actual choices during the experiment. The model accounts for heterogeneity across subjects by regarding prior beliefs as random effects and estimating their distribution. Maximum likelihood estimates from experimental data suggest that distributions of initial beliefs vary across games, but in all games studied imply a convergence dynamic toward risk-dominant equilibrium.     

论社会捐赠的制度激励与保护——5·12汶川地震社会捐赠引发的思考

5·12汶川大地震的社会捐赠,因其捐赠主体范围广、捐赠额度大,受到社会各界的空前关注,也对我国现行社会捐赠制度设计进行了整体透视.在慈善事业相关立法、慈善组织管理体制、税收政策等诸多制度性缺陷充分显现的同时,慈善组织的公信力也面临着严峻考验.本文从完善社会捐赠相关立法、改变政府在慈善事业中的主导地位、建立慈善组织的评价、监督与信息披露机制,以及规范社会捐赠的税收政策等方面,提出了激励与保护社会捐赠,促进我国慈善事业健康发展的政策建议.     

A Repeated Game Model of Monetary Union

Given a policy rule of the common central bank of a monetary union, member countries with different preferences about inflation and facing asymmetric shocks have different incentives to secure political intervention in the bank's operation and achieve the temporary benefit of surprise inflation. This is modelled as a repeated game, and the most cooperative outcome subject to the countries' incentive compatibility constraints is found. The optimal rule responds flexibly to asymmetric shocks, adjusting policy away from the full commitment level toward the discretionary level, so as to maintain the worse-hit country's incentive to abide by the rule.     

A Matching Model with Bounded Holdings of Indivisible Money

Recent versions of pairwise random matching models of money with divisible and perishable goods are amended to allow individuals to hold more than one unit of an indivisible asset. The asset resembles a fiat asset, except that nominal holdings of it yield a small amount of utility. There is a general upper bound on the number of units of the asset that individuals can hold. A steady state with trade is shown to exist. The model is applied to study numerically the effect on welfare of the degree to which the asset is divisible.     

产业组织规则博弈、协调与平衡

不同"域观"形态的经济行为主体共存于世界市场经济体系之中,对世界经济秩序提出了规则改革的新要求,这就是世界进入"规则博弈时代"的大背景。技术变局挑战产业组织规则,产业技术格局的巨大变化使得产业组织政策和竞争政策必须考虑世界技术格局演变的重要影响。生态变局重塑产业组织规则体系。人类仍然处于工业化阶段,但工业化形态正在发生巨变,"机器工业化"向"生态工业化"转变,规则博弈成为全球经济及不同国家交易行为的核心问题。在尊重国家规则主权的前提下进行国际沟通,实现规则接轨和形成共同遵守的规则协议,是当今世界规则博弈的主题。其中,产业组织规则的国际接轨调适协同,就如同是保证全球经济顺畅运行的轨道交通体系,发挥着最重要基础设施的关键性作用。     

A Search Model of Money and Circulating Private Debt With Applications To Monetary Policy

A search-theoretic model is used to examine the coexistence of money and circulating private debt. Money is still valued even though there coexists credit which circulates among agents and dominates in the rate of return. When there coexist multiple equilibria, the equilibrium with credit Pareto dominates the one without credit if money supply is not extremely plentiful. This article also provides some predictions about the effects of monetary policies. A policy of open market operations whereby government discounts less for second-hand debt decreases the value of money, credit, and interest rate prevailing in the market. This policy can also improve welfare by making credit trade feasible when the only equilibrium entails no credit without intervention.     

投资组合管理公司排名竞争动态博弈分析

构建投资组合管理人在隐性激励下对投资组合风险控制过程的动态博弈模型，并通过这个模型推导投资组合管理人在考评期内最优策略的选择以及策略转换的条件，证明排名领先的投资组合管理人更愿意采取低风险策略并保持这个策略直到考评期结束或者其排名领先丧失，而排名落后的投资组合管理人更愿意采取高风险策略。     

A Field Experiment Involving Cash and Hypothetical Charitable Donations

An important focus for concern about Contingent Valuation (CV) is that hypothetical payments for non-market goods are biased upwards in comparison to cash payments. Lack of realism, through its influence on incentives to mis-report payments, may explain the divergence. This paper reports on a study which attempts to overcome this problem by emulating a real fund-raising solicitation by the Isle of Eigg Trust for both real and hypothetical donations. In contrast to previous results, the mean cash donation was higher (£3.71) than the man CV donation (£3.41). A third survey, which used a neutral CV design, implemented by a research organization, obtained a mean donation which was much higher (£6.21) than the cash equivalent.     

协调博弈均衡随机稳定性的研究现状与展望

协调博弈均衡选择不仅依赖于博弈支付,更重要的是依赖于参与人之间复杂的行为预期过程,它是继囚徒困境博弈模型之后又一被广泛研究的博弈类型,本文基于随机稳定性思想,结合已有的研究文献,基于实验经济学的研究结果阐述了除博弈支付之外还有许多其他影响均衡稳定性的因素,在此基础上,进一步论述了相关理论模型的研究结论及其存在的缺陷,因此,要更现实地研究协调博弈均衡的稳定性,就需要加入除博弈支付之外的其他因素,最后,文章结合实验研究及理论模型提出了协调博弈均衡稳定性研究的思路与方向,为学者们进一步研究提供了新的视角。     

中小企业联保贷款的信誉博弈分析

本文在考察中小企业的违约信用成本、群体特点、经营环境的基础上,构建了一个中小企业联保贷款的信誉博弈分析框架,讨论了银行如何通过设置信誉成本将银行与企业之间的贷款—还款博弈转化为联保贷款成员企业之间的信誉博弈来降低信用风险的机制。研究结果表明:有效的信誉成本是开展中小企业联保贷款的制度基础;信誉成本主要体现为企业违约后丧失联保企业集团内部交易资格所引致的机会成本;银行的激励条件内生地决定了联保贷款的市场风险边界;银行在开展多元联保贷款时需要在拓展市场风险阈值和潜在信用风险之间进行权衡,以确定最佳的联保贷款成员规模。     

A Theory of Congregational Giving

This paper proposes a model to explain a broad range of established empirical facts about giving and attendance rates in religious congregations. We treat the religious service collectively consumed by the congregation as a “participatory” public good, in the sense that while its quality increases in contributions, individual consumption varies by the amount of time devoted toward attendance. The model predicts that lower income individuals will be overrepresented in religious congregations, with giving concentrated among higher income members. Inclusive doctrine is shown to increase membership but reduce average giving and attendance, while “tithing” requirements reduce membership and increase total giving.     

A Model of Money and Credit, with Application to the Credit Card Debt Puzzle

Many individuals simultaneously have significant credit card debt and money in the bank. The credit card debt puzzle is as follows: given high interest rates on credit cards and low rates on bank accounts, why not pay down debt? While some economists go to elaborate lengths to explain this, we argue it is a special case of the rate of return dominance puzzle from monetary economics. We extend standard monetary theory to incorporate consumer debt, which is interesting in its own right since developing models where money and credit coexist is a long-standing challenge. Our model is quite tractable—for example, it readily yields nice existence and characterization results—and helps put into context recent discussions of consumer debt.     

外商投资政策与产业扶持政策协调博弈研究

最近,我国政府明确宣布将通过倾斜性、扶持性、竞争性、限制性、保护性和开放性的产业政策体系实现产业发展目标。产业政策体系中各种政策措施都是通过影响目标企业的成本构成达到干预或改变资源分配并以此形成产业的竞争优势。其中外商投资政策和产业扶持政策对传统产业改造,以及成长性产业的发展影响极为重大。本文借助博弈论的分析方法对外商投资政策与产业扶持政策在推动产业发展过程中的协调问题进行了粗浅的探讨。     

系统性风险防范与多重金融政策搭配——基于DSGE模型的逆周期监管效应分析

我国经济近年处于下行期,金融风险不断上升,央行、银监会等相继提出坚决守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线.通过金融政策来防范风险是常规之举,但多重金融政策之间可能存在不一致性.文章基于动态随机一般均衡模型的比较分析表明,在资本监管要求下,取消银行存贷比约束或银行间市场的政府隐性担保等弱化流动性干预的措施,将起到一定的逆周期调节作用;当经济金融领域遭受各类负向的外生冲击时,就减缓资本监管的顺周期性而言,取消政府隐性担保的措施更为稳健.可见,应重视不同的银行流动性干预政策对资本监管宏观审慎性的影响,通过政策之间的兼容匹配来强化防范系统性金融风险的作用.文章的研究对于评价现有政策效果以及提升我国金融政策有效性具有重要的现实意义.     

汇率影响、货币供给与通货膨胀

本文从人民银行近期政策与通货膨胀的现实意义出发,回顾了理论界有关通货膨胀主要成因的观点,并指出输入型通胀、需求拉动型通胀和成本推动型通胀是国内学者普遍认为当下通货膨胀压力的主要成因。根据经典理论分析,我国当下的通货膨胀压力是人民币汇率制度导致我国基础货币被动增发以及扩张性货币政策指导下超量货币供给所带来的流动性过剩问题。     

东亚区域宏观经济政策协调与合作博弈的理论探讨

本文基于博弈论知识对国际经济政策协调的理论基础及可行性、协调收益进行了研究,说明国际宏观经济政策协调能够提升参与其中国家的得益.文章最后提出了东亚区域经济进行国际宏观经济体政策协调的机制.     

浅论城市品牌与企业品牌的协同效应

城市品牌是21世纪城市建设、规划和发展的新概念、新理论、新动力。城市品牌与企业品牌相辅相成，城市品牌的提升离不开名牌企业的烘托，企业品牌离开了城市品牌的光环顿觉黯淡。对城市品牌与企业品牌协同效应的认知，有助于推动城市品牌和企业品牌的共同提升，以及城市与企业的和谐发展。     

基于博弈论的闭环供应链差别定价协调问题

研究一个制造商与一个销售商组成的闭环供应链差别定价协调问题。利用博弈理论对两种差别定价模型进行了分析,得到了闭环供应链系统成员的最优定价策略和最终利润。并对两种模型的效率进行了分析,发现分散式决策使得整个闭环供应链系统效率损失了25％,最后提出一种收益共享差别定价协调策略,使得分散式闭环供应链的效率与集成式闭环供应链的效率等同。     

The Effect of Religious Market Competition on Church Giving

This paper contributes to the debate over the effects of religious pluralism on religosity. A key innovative feature of the paper is the use of voluntary contributions from members as a measure of religiosity. Using data from 177 congregations, and employing both the Herfindahl Index and market share as measures of religious market competition, a two-stage least squares estimation technique shows that Protestants give more when their congregation is faced with substantial competition, while Catholics tend to contribute more when they represent a minority church in a heavily concentrated market. This outcome is explained by arguing that churches with more competition react by providing a more satisfactory product and do a better job of filling niches in the religious marketplace.