经济增长与就业关系实证研究——以江苏省城镇就业为例

20世纪 90年代以来 GDP的就业弹性逐年下降 ,部分学者将下降原因归结为工业走了资本密集化道路。本文试图利用定量分析方法检验这一推断 ,结果发现上述推断理由并不充分 ,90年代以来资本投资增加不仅没有替代劳动力 ,反而是拉动就业增加的主要因素。由于市场化程度不断提高 ,实际工资增加抵消了投资对就业的拉动作用 ,导致 GDP的就业弹性下降。我们预计今后一段时间市场化对就业的抑制作用将减缓 ,GDP的就业弹性逐年下降趋势将改变 ,有可能转而增加。     

实际汇率、工资和就业--对中国贸易部门和非贸易部门的实证研究

在同时考虑贸易部门和非贸易部门的情况下,实际汇率贬值会增加贸易部门就业,但会减少非贸易部门就业,对实际工资的影响则是不确定的.按照理论分析的结果,文章对人民币实际汇率和中国两部门实际工资及就业的关系进行协整检验,结果发现:人民币实际汇率贬值显著增加贸易部门就业,但非贸易部门就业对实际汇率变动不敏感,而两部门的实际工资和实际汇率之间则都没有协整关系存在.进一步检验发现实际汇率变动对就业在贸易和非贸易部门之间的结构也没有影响.总的结论认为,即使考虑到非贸易部门,人民币实际汇率升值对整个就业也是不利的,而贬值有利于整个就业.     

技术进步与就业的补偿机制

本文分析了由技术进步产生的劳动生产率提高、产业结构变动和失业之间的关系,论文认为技术进步对就业的各种补偿机制之间存在着内在的矛盾,且补偿是不充分的.要实现劳动生产率提高和就业增加同时并存,需要具备一些条件:劳动生产率的提高能够扩大国内需求或者提高国际竞争力以增加出口,而需求的扩大要带动产业结构的变动和就业结构的顺利转移.在这个过程中,往往还要以实际工资的下降为代价.     

产业结构变动方向、产业结构变动速度对就业的显著性分析

通过2000-2007年的面板数据,将中国四大地区数据进行汇总,得出中国产业结构变动对就业的实证检验。产业结构变动方向、产业结构变动速度对就业有重要影响,产业结构变动方向与就业正相关,产业结构变动速度与就业负相关;产业结构变动的就业创造效应大于就业破坏效应,产业结构变动的净结果使就业增加。产业结构变动方向、产业结构变动速度对就业的影响具有地区性差异。     

中国省域劳动就业影响因素的空间计量分析

利用2000-2009年中国29个省级单位数据建立空间计量模型对影响劳动就业的各因素及其空间效应进行检验分析。结果显示:省际劳动就业存在显著的空间相关性,邻近省域就业的溢出效应对本省具有正向影响,且该效应从东部到西部地区呈阶梯状依次递减,东部地区就业较中西部地区具有更强的区间联动性。省域技术进步、财政支出、市场化和产业结构优化无论从全国层面还是地区层面均对劳动就业具有显著的促进作用,且财政支出对中西部就业的影响明显大于东部地区;城市化与实际工资对东部就业影响不显著,但能够显著促进中西部地区就业增长。促进区间联动、加快市场化、城市化和产业结构优化步伐、完善和优化财政支出结构是增加就业的重要举措。     

OFDI逆向技术溢出、制度质量与区域创新能力

基于2005—2016年我国省际面板数据,首先通过OLS、DIFF GMM、SYS GMM3种基准线性回归方法论证了OFDI逆向技术溢出对我国区域创新能力的促进作用。以OFDI为核心解释变量,分别构建以地区腐败、市场化程度和知识产权保护为门槛变量的动态门槛回归模型。结果发现：随着地区腐败程度加深,我国区域创新能力逐渐减弱;以市场化程度、知识产权保护为门槛变量,跨越门槛点后OFDI对我国区域创新能力的拉动作用依次增强。最后,结合面板向量自回归模型进一步研究对外直接投资过程中地区腐败、市场化程度和知识产权保护对区域创新能力的动态即期冲击。结果显示:市场化程度单位变动对区域创新能力的影响呈现正向冲击且持续性较强,知识产权保护对区域创新能力的拉动最为迅速但后期持续性较弱,地区腐败对区域创新能力产生负向冲击作用。     

OFDI逆向技术溢出、制度质量与区域创新能力——基于两步差分GMM门槛面板模型的实证分析

基于2005—2016年我国省际面板数据,首先通过OLS、DIFF-GMM、SYS-GMM3种基准线性回归方法论证了OFDI逆向技术溢出对我国区域创新能力的促进作用。以OFDI为核心解释变量,分别构建以地区腐败、市场化程度和知识产权保护为门槛变量的动态门槛回归模型。结果发现:随着地区腐败程度加深,我国区域创新能力逐渐减弱;以市场化程度、知识产权保护为门槛变量,跨越门槛点后OFDI对我国区域创新能力的拉动作用依次增强。最后,结合面板向量自回归模型进一步研究对外直接投资过程中地区腐败、市场化程度和知识产权保护对区域创新能力的动态即期冲击。结果显示:市场化程度单位变动对区域创新能力的影响呈现正向冲击且持续性较强,知识产权保护对区域创新能力的拉动最为迅速但后期持续性较弱,地区腐败对区域创新能力产生负向冲击作用。     

工业品贸易影响就业的路径分析与理论解释

工业品贸易通过影响工业内部结构、产业结构和劳动生产率而影响工业就业。工业内部就业结构变化说明出口率大于10%的工业不仅是工业就业存量的主要领域,更是增加工业就业主渠道。工业产业结构调整和劳动生产率变动说明,工业规模的扩张一直是增加就业主要动力,但这一动力随着结构调整和劳动生产率提高而衰减。面对越来越大的就业压力,我们必须抓住产业结构转移和我国人力资源丰裕的有利时机,继续推进工业化,大力发展服务业,改善出口贸易结构,继续发挥贸易对就业的拉动和引导作用。     

行政审批改革、产业结构与劳动收入份额

行政审批改革对市场效率改进的作用吸引了众多关注,文章主要关注行政审批改革对地区产业结构演变及其对就业和劳动收入份额变动的影响.利用中国工业企业数据库,文章揭示了地方政府在产业发展中更偏向资本密集型产业,在此基础上,分析了行政审批制度改革对产业结构变动的影响与作用机制,并进一步考察了产业结构变动所引起的地区就业和劳动收入份额的变化.分析发现:行政审批改革使地区资本密集型产业比重下降,而劳动密集型产业比重上升,这一结论具有稳健性,其影响机制主要是行政审批改革降低了不同类型企业交易成本;而行政审批改革使产业的变动更符合地区比较优势,促进了地区就业和劳动收入份额的增加.文章的研究在提升就业与劳动收入份额,让增长的收益更多地惠及劳动阶层、实现包容性增长方面具有重要现实意义.     

西部大开发中产业结构与就业结构的协调性分析——以陕西省为例

在梳理相关文献的基础上,从西部大开发以来陕西产业结构与就业结构的演进趋势入手,通过结构偏离系数的计算,分析了陕西三次产业结构与就业结构的偏离情况,进而通过建立回归方程,分析了产值结构变动对就业比重的拉动效率,得出第三产业是拉动就业的重要部门,并据此提出相应的对策建议。     

Does Price Stability Exacerbate Labour Market Rigidities in the EMU?

How will the commitment to price stability affect labour market rigidities in the European Monetary Union? I explore a model where firms choose between fixed wage contracts (where the employer cannot lay off the worker, and the wage can only be changed by mutual consent), or contracts where employment is at will, so that either party may terminate employment (with strong similarities to temporary jobs). A fixed wage contract provides better incentives for investment and training, while employment at will facilitates efficient mobility. Inflation erodes the real value of a fixed contract wage over time, and badly matched workers are more likely to quit for other jobs. Disinflation has opposing effects on labour market rigidity: fixed wage contracts become more rigid in real terms, but fewer firms will choose fixed wage contracts.     

THE EFFECTS OF FISCAL SHOCKS ON EMPLOYMENT AND THE REAL WAGE*

We study the transmission of fiscal shocks in the labor market. We employ a structural VAR and base identification on the restrictions that shocks to government consumption, investment, and employment must raise output and deficits. These restrictions hold in both prototype Real Business Cycle (RBC) and New Keynesian models. Shocks to government consumption and investment increase real wages and employment contemporaneously, both at state level and in the aggregate. The dynamics in response to employment shocks are mixed: Increases in government employment raise the real wage and total employment in the aggregate. However, in one third of the states they reduce total employment.     

Marx Inside the Circuit: Discipline device,wage bargaining and unemployment in a sequential monetary economy

The aim of this paper is to show that Marxian labour theory of value can be consistently interpreted in terms of the monetary circuit model, where firms need initial finance to start production and where the money supply is endogenous. In contrast to the recently revived Marxian monetary models, in particular the New Interpretation, it is argued here that although the money wage is bargained for on the labour market, the real wage is determined by firms' choices, since firms autonomously determine the structure of production and hence real consumption for the working class as a whole. This does not mean that firms are able to set the real wage without economic and social constraints. Starting from our circuitist reading of the labour theory of value and distribution, a model is developed in order to determine the level of employment and income distribution, on the assumptions that (i) the industrial reserve army affects wage bargaining and labour effort and that (ii) workers react to the failure of their expectations on the real wage by reducing their work intensity. In this context, it is shown that firms may increase their share of profits over time only be means of innovations.     

经济增长过程中我国工资水平对产业结构升级的效应分析

经济增长过程中伴随着产业结构的优化升级,工资不但可以通过工资差异激励劳动力从低效率产业向高效率产业流动推动产业结构的升级,而且可以通过改变消费结构和投资结构进而影响产业结构的演变,并为产业结构升级储备高级人才.笔者对中国改革开放以来的工资与产业结构的相关数据进行实证研究后认为:工资与产业结构的优化升级之间是正相关关系,并且两者之间存在双向因果关系,而低工资阻碍技术创新,在一定程度上弱化了工资对产业结构升级的促进效应.     

Price and quantity adjustments in the Austrian labour market

Austria is among the very few countries in the European Union which have managed to maintain comparatively low unemployment rates and high employment rates. This study looks at the price and quantity adjustment mechanisms in the Austrian labour market which may have contributed to this favourable outcome. After reviewing briefly the basic theoretical reasoning an empirical investigation is began into gross flow dynamics in the labour market and the cyclical volatility of employment and unemployment in Austria. In international comparison Austrian unemployment is very stable over the business cycle. This is due mainly to the high sensitivity of the labour force on cyclical conditions and, partly, also on the relatively weak responsiveness of employment to cyclical fluctuations in output, the latter being possibly attributable to the high degree of real wage flexibility in Austria. The study proceeds to show that the long-run elasticity of wages with respect to unemployment is indeed quite high in Austria. However, evidence was also found for outsider effects in the Austrian wage setting process. Relative wage structures, on the other hand, appear to be rather rigid.     

汇率冲击与劳动力市场调整——中国行业数据的经验研究

文章主要分析在汇率冲击下,中国可贸易行业1998—2009年劳动力市场的调整过程。文章利用实际有效汇率指标和动态面板估计方法分析影响劳动力市场调整的不同渠道。结果表明,汇率贬值通过出口渠道增加就业和降低工资,通过进口渠道降低就业和提高工资,通过效率渠道促进就业和降低工资。高贸易依存度行业的就业汇率弹性大于低贸易依存度行业,低加成比例行业的就业汇率弹性大于高加成比例行业,劳动力技术结构是影响就业汇率弹性的重要因素。     

The relation between the speed of demand saturation and the dynamism of the labour market

The purpose of this paper is to examine the medium run effect of the speed of demand saturation on the dynamism of the labour market which involves factors such as the growth of employment and real wage rate, using a computer simulation of the stochastically multi-sectoral pure labour model with a logistic demand function. From the simulation, we obtain the evolutions of the expectation of the employment rate and the real wage rate, supposing three cases where the speed of demand saturation for a product that stochastically emerges is, ceteris paribus, different. As a result, it is demonstrated that the faster growth of demand for a product that emerges stochastically accelerates the growth of employment, but decelerates the growth of real wage rate. The result depends on the heterogeneity of the agents, which is neglected by mainstream economics.     

二元经济结构下最低工资的就业效应研究——基于劳动力市场的视角

现阶段我国整体就业形势不容乐观,分析最低工资对就业的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过对我国劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资的就业效应进行实证分析发现,最低工资对竞争性行业劳动力市场（城市二级劳动力市场）就业有显著的正面影响,对行政垄断行业劳动力市场（城市一级劳动力市场）就业的正面影响则很小。因此,根据我国劳动力市场的具体情况,合理设置最低工资标准有利于促进就业。     

工资对产业结构升级的影响——基于中国经济数据的分析

经济增长过程中伴随着产业结构的优化升级。工资不但可以通过工资差异激励劳动力从低效率产业向高效率产业流动,推动产业结构升级,而且可以通过改变消费结构和投资结构进而影响产业结构演变,并为产业结构升级储备高级人才。本文对中国改革开放以来的工资与产业结构的经济数据进行实证研究得出:工资与产业结构之间是正向的相关关系,且两者之间存在双向因果关系。因此,工资水平的提高在一定程度上促进了产业结构的优化升级。     

PUBLIC DEBT AND PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL WITH REAL WAGE RIGIDITIES

We present an endogenous growth model with public capital, public debt and real wage rigidities due to labor market imperfections. Assuming that the primary surplus relative to gross domestic produce (GDP) is a positive function of the debt to GDP ratio, we study growth and employment effects of deficit‐financed public investment using simulations as well as how fiscal policy affects stability of the economy. Further, we contrast the growth rate and the unemployment rate in the deficit scenario with that of the balanced budget scenario. Finally, we compare our results with those obtained in case of flexible wages and full employment.