政府竞争:行政区经济运行中的地方政府行为分析

从政府竞争的角度,为行政区经济形成构建了一个政府行为分析框架.通过对政府竞争和博弈三个层面的考察,揭示区域经济发展中的各层级政府间互动关系,对行政区经济形成的深层次原因提供较为系统的解释.     

区域劳务合作发展模式研究

区域劳务合作中大量劳动力、科技人员从欠发达地区向发达地区转移。对发达地区,这种劳动力生产要素的流入,缓解了劳动力供给不足的矛盾,对经济发展起到很大的推动作用;对于欠发达地区,劳动力生产要素的流出,减少了就业竞争的压力,为富余劳动力提供了就业机会。从区域经济发展、经济结构的变化、人口和就业压力等方面分析了区域劳务合作产生及发展趋势;从合作的经济效益、非经济效益、合作成本角度对合作效益进行了分析,认为区域劳务合作模式分为四种。最后提出了推进我国区域劳务合作发展的几点建议。     

国有上市公司的治理机制与过度投资

以特定行业388家国有上市公司2001-2005年数据为样本,在界定过度投资水平和分析投资决策机制基础上,选取治理机制中的股权结构、董事会和产品市场竞争三方面,分析并实证检验其对过度投资的影响。结果显示,国有股比例的增加使国有公司过度投资水平更高;股权制衡对投资过度有制约作用;地方控股较中央控股国有公司,过度投资水平更高。产品市场竞争对过度投资有制约作用,但不显著。董事会特征与过度投资之间无显著关系。     

The Effects of Industry Governance on Offshore Oil Development in the Gulf of Mexico

This article presents an historical analysis of the way governance arrangements in the petroleum industry have affected development of offshore oil resources in the Gulf of Mexico. Global competition over differential rents and natural value available from petroleum extraction were instrumental in the construction of oil prices high enough to support profitable investment offshore. Attention to the social construction of oil prices illustrates how political discourse on national security and conservation helps translate economic logic into strategic political coalitions and state action. The article shows how the unequal flow of resources in a global extractive industry, as organized by transnational corporations and states, interacts with marginal costs and differential rents to influence economic development. Development of Louisiana offshore oil after the second world war was protected by a private international price cartel, federally enforced import quotas and tax laws. Competition in the industry and the OPEC price increases of the 1970s undermined US domination of world oil, but higher oil prices further stimulated investment offshore. The subsequent breakdown of stable governance in the 1980s drove down oil prices, hastened restructuring of the petroleum industry and caused a rapid decline in Louisiana offshore investment.     

融资约束、资本投资与公司现金持有竞争效应

以我国上市公司2003-2012年数据为样本,基于产权性质和金融发展水平,从资本投资中介效应视角检验了融资约束对现金持有竞争效应的影响。研究发现:公司现金持有通过资本投资中介效应实现的竞争效应在融资约束公司、民营公司以及金融发展水平较低地区的公司中更加显著。进一步检验表明,现金持有的竞争效应提高了现金价值,而且在金融发展水平较低地区的公司、融资约束公司和民营公司中更高。     

Investment Incentives and Electricity Spot Market Competition

In this paper we analyze investment decisions of strategic firms that anticipate competition on many consecutive spot markets with fluctuating (and possibly uncertain) demand. We study how the degree of spot market competition affects investment incentives and welfare and provide an application of the model to electricity market data. We show that more competitive spot market prices strictly decrease investment incentives of strategic firms. The effect can be severe enough to even offset the beneficial impact of more competitive spot markets on social welfare. Our results obtain with and without free entry. The analysis demonstrates that investment incentives necessarily have to be taken into account for a serious assessment of electricity spot market design.     

What happened when the Americans took over Britain's electricity industry? Exploring trans-national sector effects on employment relations

Pressures stemming from the country of origin are seen increasingly as the single most important influence on multinational companies, and American managements are famed particularly for their marked preferences for non-unionism and for pay systems linked to performance. The dramatic inflow of American investment into the British electricity industry from 1996 onwards provides an opportunity to observe the development of these influences. In fact, employment relations reform was not driven by the concerns of American owners to any significant degree, but tended to follow patterns already very well established in the utilities sector in the UK. This can only be understood in the context of similar developments in sector-level governance in both countries, and the processes through which this drove international strategies at higher levels, affecting investment and organizational structure.     

外部治理机制与企业过度投资——来自中国A股的经验证据

本文以中国A股市场2001年至2006年的所有非金融类上市公司为初始样本,研究了外部治理机制对公司过度投资的治理效应,得出以下结论:产品竞争越激烈,公司过度投资水平越低。公司信息披露质量与过度投资水平呈负相关关系。地区市场化指数、政府干预指数和信贷资金分配的市场化都能有效抑制处于该地区的上市公司的过度投资冲动,说明了地方政府在各个地区干预程度的差异所导致的不同经济后果,而地区法治化程度并不能对公司过度投资产生有效的影响。     

Changing Trends in Regional Economic Development Policy Governance: The Case of Northern Ontario,Canada

This article analyses the changing trends in regional economic development policy delivery in multilevel governance systems. Although the imperatives of coordination of public policy interventions across multiple levels has generally been recognized, not enough attention has been given to how different political systems actually adapt their institutional and policy designs to effectively operate in the emergent complexity of multilevel governance systems. The article focuses on regional economic development policy governance in the province of Ontario, Canada over the past three decades, drawing insights from new regionalism, organization theory and governance literature to examine the prospects and challenges of policy delivery in politically complex multilevel systems. The case study illustrates how regional economic development policy is increasingly dictated by complex environmental and institutional forces of multilevel governance that are shaped by the particular character of a political system.     

政府干预与食品产业发展效率 ——基于地方政府竞争视角

本文基于地方政府竞争视角,选取2005—2015年省级面板数据,测度中国省级食品产业发展效率,并通过实证分析揭示政府干预对食品产业发展效率的影响及其空间溢出效应.研究结果表明:中国整体食品产业发展效率在样本期内仍处于较低水平,且具有显著的空间非均衡特征.在不考虑地方政府竞争时,政府干预对食品产业发展效率具有抑制作用;考虑地方政府竞争后,政府干预不仅负向影响本地区食品产业发展效率,而且对邻近地区食品产业发展效率具有负向的空间溢出效应.这表明现阶段应注重政府监管模式改革,坚持监管投入增加与监管质量提升并举,同时推动治理模式多元化.     

Local Economic Structure and Growth

Abstract

This paper tests how the local economic structure—measured by local sector specialization, competition and diversity—affects growth of manufacturing sectors. Most of the empirical literature assumes that in the long run more productive regions will attract more workers and use employment growth as a measure of local productivity growth. However, this approach is based on strong assumptions, such as those of national labour markets and homogeneous labour. This paper shows that if we relax these assumptions, regional adjusted wage growth is a better measure of productivity growth than employment growth. This measure is used in order to study regional growth in Portuguese regions between 1985 and 1994. Evidence is found of MAR externalities in some sectors and no evidence of Jacobs or Porter externalities in most of the sectors. These results are at odds with the findings for employment-based regressions, which show that regional concentration and the region's size have a negative effect in most of the sectors. It is also shown that simply using regional wage growth would overstate the effect of regional concentration and competition on long-run growth.     

Dismantled Spatial Fixes in the Aftermath of Recession: Capital Switching and Labour Underutilization in the Greek Capital Metropolitan Region

The article offers a fresh, empirically grounded look at the spatialities of crisis‐triggered employment forms—a largely overlooked issue in contemporary critical geography literature. Specifically, it discusses the interconnection between investment flows from manufacturing to the built environment (capital switching) and underemployment in urban metropolitan regions to substantiate its impact on emerging spatial fixities. The article, which is based on an empirical analysis informed by a radical political economy, investigates changing fixed capital formations in Greece over an extended period prior to and during the recession, from 1995 to 2012. It traces the evolution of part‐time waged work in the capital metropolitan region of Attica (Athens) vis‐à‐vis the rest of the country's regional labour markets, focusing on the polarized 2005–2012 period and the demise of the construction industry. The article highlights that ‘disrupted’ capital switching that occurred in Greece, closely associated with recalibrated sectoral priorities and institutional interventions, resulted in the uneven sprawling of underemployment. Our findings offer insight into how the dismantling of spatial fixes within core metropolitan regions of the southern European Union (and beyond) are connected to labour surplus and successive slumps in manufacturing and construction. The article closes by calling for new theorizations of contemporary urban regional unevenness and its spatiotemporal fixities, which account for the role of changes in labour turnover time.     

Multinationals and changing national business systems in Europe: towards the ‘shareholder value’ model?

This article reviews recent development in employment relations in MNCs, within the context of the varied and changing business systems within Western Europe. Focusing on Germany, France, Sweden and the UK, we analyse both the effects of national corporate governance systems on MNCs, and the extent to which MNCs specifically, and globalisation more widely, have affected the nature of national business and employment systems. While elements of a move towards a more ‘Anglo‐Saxon’, economically liberal model of corporate governance and employment relations can be detected in all four countries, this is far from complete. Cross‐national differences in business systems within Europe therefore continue to exert effects upon MNCs.     

分类改革提升了竞争类国企的投资效率吗?

本文以2015年国企分类改革为准自然实验,考察分类改革对竞争类国企投资效率的影响.研究发现,分类改革显著提升了竞争类国企的投资效率,且投资效率的改善主要表现为对过度投资的抑制.考虑行业竞争程度的差异后发现,分类改革对竞争类国企投资效率的提升仅存在于低竞争行业中,并且这些公司的经营业绩在改革后也得到了显著提高.考虑地区差...     

Spatial mobility and competition for jobs: Some theory and evidence for Western Germany

This paper sheds new light on the role of regional labor market conditions for regional mobility. We study competition for vacant jobs along two dimensions – between employed and unemployed job searchers, and between resident and non-resident job searchers – within a simple matching framework. Evidence from estimating regional matching functions with data on job searchers disaggregated by previous employment status and regional provenance indicates that competition for jobs along both dimensions affects hiring. Tests of the theoretical predictions suggest that labor market conditions do determine regional mobility, but the countervailing effects of competition between employed and unemployed dilute mobility effects.     

Social responsibility portfolio optimization incorporating ESG criteria

Social responsibility investment (SRI) has attracted worldwide attention for its potential in promoting investment sustainability and stability. We developed a three-step framework by incorporating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance into portfolio optimization. In comparison to studies using weighted ESG rating scores, we constructed a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with quadratic and cubic terms to enhance the evidence of two or more aspects, as well as the interaction between the environmental, social, and governance attributes. We then combined the ESG scores with financial indicators to select assets based on a cross-efficiency analysis. The portfolio optimization model incorporating ESG scores with selected assets was constructed to obtain a social responsibility investment strategy. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we applied it in the United States industrial stock market from 2005 to 2017. The empirical results show that the obtained SRI portfolio may be superior to traditional investment strategies in many aspects and may simultaneously achieve the consistency of investment and social values.     

研发投资、舞弊风险与审计费用

以2007—2018年中国A股市场研发投资额大于零的非金融类上市公司为研究对象,实证研究研发投资强度对财务舞弊风险和审计费用的影响以及CPA审计治理效果。研究结果表明：研发投资强度与财务舞弊风险和审计费用均正相关,并且财务舞弊风险在研发投资强度对审计费用的影响中存在部分中介效应。使用工具变量法进行内生性分析发现,研发投资强度在前三种度量方式（研发投入额÷总资产、研发投入额÷净资产、研发投入额÷公司员工数）下具有很强的外生性,而在第四种度量方式（研发投入额÷营业收入）下是内生的。对审计治理效果进行分析发现,虽然高审计收费保证了CPA较高的执业努力程度,但与审计合谋正相关的异常审计费用的存在使得CPA审计治理效果并不佳,并且对研发投资强度大的客户、财务舞弊风险高的客户和高新技术企业收取更高的异常审计费用通常与更高的审计合谋倾向有关。     

Embedding multinational firms in regional business systems: neoliberal and social‐democratic models in Spain

The paper analyses how regional actors have mobilised to attract and retain foreign direct investment in two Spanish regions with different political approaches to the management of economic issues, including industrial relations. These regions are Madrid, the main pole of attraction of foreign direct investment in Spain, and Asturias, with a large tradition of heavy industry and a greater dependence on a small number of large employers. It finds the regions have adapted to international competition in substantially different manners and considers the alternative reasons why this might be the case, highlighting the role of organised labour both in the inward investment regimes themselves, and in shaping the nature of the different compromises they involve.     

后郊区时代美国都市区空间马赛克结构的形成与管治

论文从后郊区时代都市区空间的基本概念出发,分析了1990年代美国都市区空间的发展态势:半数以上传统郊区衰退、继续向远郊、乡村蔓延、部分郊区和老城区复活而呈现的马赛克空间结构;并从房地产和城市空间竞争角度探讨了都市区空间马赛克结构的成因;最后,剖析了美国后郊区时代都市区空间管治的一系列对策,包括成立协调机构、引进管治新理念、制定综合区域规划、制定相应配套措施等.     

地方政府竞争对治理效率的影响——基于Tobit空间杜宾模型的计量分析

基于政府治理提质增效的现实需要,选取2007—2019年中国30个省区市的面板数据,运用DEA效率测度方法并构建Tobit空间杜宾模型检验地方政府竞争对治理效率的影响。研究发现：多数省份政府治理效率未达到效率前沿面,存在提升空间;本地区效率改进能够给周边地区带来正向溢出效应;政府间竞争对治理效率及溢出具有先促进后抑制的倒“U”型影响,防范政府间竞争对治理效率的抑制效应是政府未来治理的重点,其中,法制环境具有负向调节作用,环境越优越,倒“U”型曲线越为平缓,更有利于激发效率改进和溢出。进一步的异质性分析发现,在政府干预程度高和要素市场发育程度低的地区,尽管政府竞争对治理效率的倒“U”型影响不变,但对溢出的影响变为不显著。