评罗伯特·奥曼及其博弈理论——冲突与合作

杰出的经济学家罗伯特.奥曼在决策制定理论方面取得的辉煌成就,对博弈论和其他一些相关经济理论的形成和发展起到了不可或缺的作用。其博弈理论涉及到现代博弈论最重要、最基本的核心问题,为博弈论的发展开辟了许多新的领域和思路。目前,现代经济生活中的冲突与合作主要表现为“刷卡风波”,商家认为在利润率不高,顾客刷卡率上升的情况下,银行的刷卡收费率太高,商家已不堪重负。根据奥曼的合作博弈理论和重复博弈理论,银商矛盾的最终化解在于银商双方通过博弈寻求合作,应考虑我国的具体情况,出台商户刷卡相关优惠政策,探讨银行、商户、顾客三方共赢的新模式。     

不同零售商在相同时期需求不同的经济批量博弈

经济批量博弈是库存博弈的子问题,已经建立了经济批量的模型以及相关的基本理论知识,为研究经济批量模型所对应的博弈奠定了理论基础,对于合作博弈需要保证合作联盟的稳定性,因此需要研究经济批量博弈的凸性。利用合作博弈论的理论知识,线性函数的凹性,对推广的经济批量博弈证明了其凸性,进一步完善了经济批量博弈的数学理论。凸博弈保证合作联盟的稳定性,减少了商家的成本,增加了商家的利润。     

浅析博弈论在商务谈判中的应用

近年来,博弈论成为经济学界研究的热点,博弈论在商务谈判中的应用也备受关注。本文通过介绍博弈论的基本知识以及商务谈判的有关知识,提出了博弈论中变和博弈、合作博弈在商务谈判中的几点应用:在博弈基础上的谈判程序;博弈论在商务谈判中的要素;以及通过对变和博弈中著名的"囚徒困境"和"红黑博弈"的分析,阐述了单方最大利益与合作最大利益之间的矛盾中蕴涵着复杂的商务谈判道理,并揭示了其中蕴涵的商务谈判"双赢"理念。     

混合战略纳什均衡及应用

博弈论是运筹学的一个重要分支,类型众多。其中,非合作博弈是现代博弈理论中的核心内容和重要基础。本文在简要介绍了博弈论相关内容的基础上,重点介绍了非合作博弈中最重要、最核心的部分即Nash均衡。在此基础上,以纳什均衡作为理论支撑点,结合得意矩阵分析解决了经济生活中的一些实际问题。例如治理污水排放的制度设计问题。     

合作博弈与企业组织管理

博弈论研究开始于20世纪40年代,在西方已经得到了很大发展,在许多领域都产生了重要影响,尤其在经济领域,取得了巨大成就,多位经济学家由于运用博弈论研究经济现象而获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。博弈论在我国的研究开始于20世纪90年代,目前有许多科技人员致力于这一领域的研究工作。博弈论一般划分为非合作博弈与合作博弈,其中有关合作博弈的理论知识,在企业组织管理实施过程中,具有十分有益的指导借鉴作用。     

税收分权下中央政府与地方政府博弈分析

博弈论是一种关于行为主体策略相互作用的理论,已形成一套完整的理论体系和方法论体系.分税制下中央政府与地方政府的税收分权的本质是中央政府与地方政府的博弈.将博弈论的基本原理和研究方法应用于中央政府与地方政府的税收分权分析中,从两者税收收益权的角度进行合作博弈分析,从理论上设计出可以调动地方政府征收共享税并减少中央政府转移支付的机制.     

博弈理论的应用和发展

博弈论已成为当今经济学研究必不可少的工具.本文介绍了2 0世纪以来国内外博弈论的应用以及博弈理论的发展.     

现代市场竞争中的纳什均衡分析

本文运用博弈论中的非合作博弈的概念与方法,通过介绍囚徒困境中的纳什均衡现象,阐释了博弈论所揭示的市场竞争合作行为.     

厂商与超市合作策略的博弈论分析

该文运用博弈论中静态博弈和动态重复博弈的理论,分析了厂商和超市在不同境况下的最佳合作策略选择,并得出了几个较为重要的结论。指明了厂商和超市在不同的合作境况下,如何选择和改变自己的合作策略。     

博弈论理论体系及其应用发展述评

本文在梳理经典博弈论理论体系及其应用领域的基础上,对其发展趋势进行了展望.分析显示:经典博弈理论按其发展的脉络来划分,主要包括静态博弈、动态博弈、完全信息博弈和不对称信息博弈等几大理论体系;其应用领域主要涉及管理学中的激励问题,信息经济学中的信息甄别、信号传递和社会学中"合作与冲突"这一古老而又永恒的主题;其发展方向表现为扬弃"理性假设"条件下的行为博弈.     

Game theory in marketing science uses and limitations

This paper reviews some major concepts in game theory and indicates how they may apply to marketing science. The theory of games provides a framework for addressing problems of competitive strategies and of buyer-seller interactions. These issues are important in studying industrial markets where there are a small number of buyers as well as for studying how to incorporate knowledgeable, active competitors into consumer marketing mix models.Few marketers have seen much benefit in the past from developments in game theory. This is partly because of the historical preoccupation of game theorists with complete information, zero sum games. The richer area of games of incomplete information may have much more to offer the marketing scientist.In this paper we review how game-theoretic approaches (interactive models) differ from most previous approaches, which are optimizing and asymmetric. We then look at how these alternative approaches apply to two problem areas - competitive entry and bargaining. Then we review potential applications of game theory in marketing and the value of applying marketing science approaches in game theory. We conclude with a perspective on future developments in this field.     

A Formal Basis for Negotiation Support System Research

A high-level theoretical model of negotiation activity is introduced as a foundation for guiding future research and development in the area of negotiation support literature. A formal model at this level is presently absent from the negotiation support systems. The model is formally expressed in terms of definitions and postulates that describe eight important negotiation parameters. Relationships between the model and research in game theory, social behavior science, and decision support systems fields are examined.     

Key factors in the triumph of Pokémon GO

The mobile app market, particularly the app game sector, is a multibillion-dollar space. This study conducted in-depth interviews and two large-scale surveys with a total 1,437 respondents to investigate the consumer behavior of mobile app game players. The app game Pokémon GO became a worldwide phenomenon not only as a social sensation but also as a high profitable business model. Taking the theoretical lens of telepresence theory and social capital theory, this develops a framework to explicate the success factors of Pokémon GO. The theoretical framework also provides guidelines for practitioners who plan to enter the lucrative app game market.     

基于上下游垄断市场结构反倾销税率的博弈分析

文章运用经济学原理和博弈论中的逆向归纳法,通过建立一个基于垂直市场结构的国内外上下游垄断的产业模型,在假定企业和政府均处于完全信息静态博弈下,推导出国内社会福利最大化下的最优反倾销税率,发现一国最优反倾销税率与本国市场容量正相关,与出口国企业的生产成本负相关。文章建议我国企业努力优化出口产品结构,加大自主知识产权产品的出口份额,我国政府应通过国际谈判等争取我国企业在国际贸易中更加公平公正待遇。     

网络结构视角下的产业博弈分析

本文将对产业博弈的分析建立在网络组织理论的基础上。通过对产业博弈概念的界定以及发生条件、博弈过程和影响因素等问题的分析,明确提出产业博弈是不同产业中相应企业博弈的结果,博弈均衡有利于资源配置,实现帕累托改进。企业之间既有合作博弈又有非合作博弈,企业之间的关系影响产业博弈过程与结果,同时政府、社会以及历史条件也起到很重要的作用。     

The role of network embeddedness across multiple social networks: Evidence from mobile social network games

This article examines peer influences from network relationships within a social network game (i.e., embeddedness) and across such games (i.e., multiplexity). Drawing on social influence theory, we develop a bivariate Poisson model of users’ repeated visits and latent attrition that accommodates peer interaction after controlling for homophily. We estimate the model using data from two social network games with considerable overlap among network members. We find that friends who are only multiplex across games exert greater peer influence on users’ game visits than members who are embedded within a single game. We also determined that ignoring network multiplexity across games may lead firms to mistarget users due to biased peer influences of embedded friends. This result provides an unresearched explanation—strength of peer influence—for the mixed findings in previous literature on network embeddedness. We utilized our results to conduct several scenario analyses to demonstrate how firms can effectively manage users’ engagement and target users in multiple social network games.     

Does playing a video game really result in improvements in psychological well-being in the era of COVID-19?

This study examines the structural relationships between the perceived value dimensions of quality, emotional, price, and social, positive and negative emotions, psychological well-being, and loyalty in the video game context along with the moderating role of the perceived severity of COVID-19. This study collected data from 258 video game consumers in the United States via three waves of surveys. The findings of structural equation modeling revealed significant associations among the perceived value dimensions, emotions, psychological well-being, and loyalty. In addition, the moderating role of the perceived severity of COVID-19 showed that the impact of video game consumers' positive emotions on psychological well-being would be weaker with a high level of perception of the severity of COVID-19. Based on the empirical results, this research proposes theoretical (i.e., extension of the cognitive appraisal theory in a digital environment, and integration of the cognitive appraisal theory with the two-factor theory of motivation) and practical implications (i.e., how to increase levels of users’ psychological well-being and loyalty via video games) for the video game industry during and after the era of COVID-19.     

转型期社会性规制研究：信息不对称与博弈分析

在转型期的社会性规制中,规制方、被规制方和规制行为的直接受益方等三方之间存在双重信息不对称,对社会性规制的有效性带来根本性的影响。委托—代理理论可以用来解释和分析规制双方的信息不对称和激励问题,为受益方争取最大的社会福利。规制方与被规制方通常进行的是不完美信息博弈。     

The redemption of science

The appearance of nuclear weapons suddenly made the extinction of humanity a distinct possibility. In view of this obverse side of scientific progress, attitudes toward science in the general population became ambivalent, at times bordering on hostility. It is argued that to a great extent the scientists themselves are responsible for the tarnished image of science. Accordingly they should restore science to its role of furthering human welfare and, above all, as a source of enlightenment. In our age enlightenment entails emancipating humanity from superstitions generated by the cooptation of science in the service of power.Anatol Rapoport received the Ph.D. degree in mathematics from the University of Chicago in 1941. He was professor of mathematical biology at the University of Michigan (1955–1970), professor of mathematics and psychology at the University of Toronto (1970–1980), and director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna (1980–1984). Currently he is professor of peace and conflict studies at the University of Toronto. Professor Rapoport is author of fifteen books on conflict theory, game theory, semantics, and the philosophy of science.     

虚拟企业中的内生交易费用

虚拟企业是由于专业化与分工进一步深化而产生的一种新的企业组织模式。采取虚拟企业这种组织模式能够在社会范围内获得专业化经济与分工经济的好处。但是在获得这种好处的同时 ,虚拟企业也在社会范围内增加了交易费用。这里从博弈论的角度分析了虚拟企业中的内生交易费用是如何在合作成员企业间产生的。