Reason's shadow: Notes on the psychodynamics of obstruction

The remarks that follow are made with regard to the behavior of leaders whose self-image is threatened by a variety of conditions comprising the world problematique. Of all those conditions, surely those associated with violence and warfare are the most threatening. I would speculate, therefore, that what I've written here is especially pertinent for deliberations on how to encourage peace and disarmament.While these remarks are focused on the behavior of leaders—especially those in government—they can hold, too, for those in the public who identify with those leaders…itself another psychodynamic process. Of course, the public's contexts differ so the degree of threat and response will differ, too. This is a matter for further attention.Moreover, self-images are usually rich in content and while some aspects are threatened, others may not be or, indeed, may be attracted by new rational ideas. The resultant struggle within the psyche complicates the overt expression of these unconscious conflicts.But these dynamics mirror those comprising the problematique, especially its expression around issues of war and peace. Therefore, psychodynamic matters deserve as much attention and utilization as we now give to conventional, indeed, often ritual means, masquerading as rationality, for dealing with violence and armaments.     

农村金融与公共物品和服务:什么对小农户最重要

在发展中国家,对小农户最重要的是有一个稳定和有利的经济环境,这使他们能够将农业固有的不确定性转化为可以衡量的风险,减少和分散这些风险,降低经济活动的交易成本,进而通过提高获利能力来扩大其经营。政府持续地投资并提供公共物品及服务,对创造这样一种环境是至关重要的。因此,农村金融的重要性是显而易见的,因为它帮助小农户战胜贫苦的有效性很大程度上取决于小农户的经营是否是在这样的环境下进行。在中国农业经济和非农业经济快速转型的过程中,小农户大大地受益于政府持续地投资并提供公共物品及服务,以及增进的刺激。然而,尽管有这些重大成就,中国仍然存在着数百万的农村贫困人口,特别是在中西部地区。因此,中国政府面临的挑战是,要以一种穷人易于获得的方式,以及使他们更好地融入获利性的供应链,把他们与不断扩大的国内外市场联系在一起,持续投资并提供公共物品及服务。     

国际融合背景下信息化人才培养——基于能力拓展视角

当今世界是一个信息经济占主导地位的时代,因此,需要一批高素质、具有国际视野的人才来引领信息经济的发展。因此,在这样的背景下阐释了信息化人才培养的内涵,针对目前信息化人才培养中存在的问题进行分析,在此基础上提出了构建基于职业拓展能力导向的信息化人才培养体系,从而提高信息化人才培养质量,为我国的信息化建设提供智力支撑。     

电子商务环境下我国林业企业管理创新研究

伴随着全球信息化浪潮，人们在共享与交流信息方面摆脱了时空的束缚，传统林业企业管理模式受到极大的冲击，与，警战，林业企业必须加快各方面的改革创新，以便在网络经济时代的电子商务环境下掌握市场的主动权，提高企业的竞争优势。本文在简析电子商务内涵及特征的基础上，强调了我国林业企业管理创新的紧迫性，并从组织结构、交易流程、市场营销三方面对电子商务环境下的我国林业企业管理创新进行了深入探讨和研究。     

Beyond implicit prices: recovering theoretically consistent and transferable values for noise avoidance from a hedonic property price model

Using a two-stage hedonic pricing methodology we estimate a system of structural demand equations for different sources of transport-related noise. In the first stage, we identify market segments using model-based clustering techniques and estimate separate hedonic price functions (HPFs) for each segment. In so doing, we show how a semiparametric spatial smoothing estimator outperforms other standard specifications of the HPF. In the second stage, we control for non-linearity of the budget constraint and identify demand relationships using techniques that account for problems of endogeneity and censoring of the dependent variable. Our estimated demand functions provide welfare estimates for peace and quiet that we believe to be the first derived from property market data in a theoretically consistent manner.      

文明自觉论对国际关系的指导意义

彭树智提出的文明自觉论博大精深,内涵丰富,对国际关系的指导意义在于：为世界各国、各民族的自我定位、相互认知提出了具体原则与方法;为各国、各民族在和平与发展时代潮流中的对外政策指明了方向;为各国、各民族如何面对利益差异与分歧提供了合理的思路;为各国、各民族如何解决相互冲突指出了路径。该理论为中国的国际关系学提供了新的理论基础,我国学者可以在此基础上构建中国特色的国际关系理论体系。     

论知识经济与绿色营销

20世纪下半叶兴起的新技术浪潮一浪高过一浪,正将人类社会推向一个全新的的时代－－知识经济时代。我国企业营销要迎接知识经济的挑战,必须实行营销创新,而绿色营销是企业营销创新的一个方面,同时知识经济又为绿色营销提供了物质基础和技术支持,因此我国企业要大力推行绿色营销,迎接知识经济时代的挑战。     

Knowledge of expansion on the geopolitics of Karl Haushofer

The article deals with the intellectual history, as well as the political impact, of Karl Haushofer's concept and notion of geopolitics. It attempts to contextualise his thinking and actions in the period between the two world wars as well as during the Nazi period. Haushofer's geopolitics is perceived as a quasimaterialist ideology, which was politically directed against the stipulations of the Versailles peace treaty, but can also be interpreted as a concept with a specific German and continental ideology which opposed the abstract forms of social intercourse common to maritime and naval cultures, based on trade and exchange, as represented historically by Britain and, later, the United States. The cultural, societal and political contrast between cultures of the land and cultures of the sea are seen as one fundamental presupposition in Haushofer's thinking. The article deals with the body of knowledge he developed, his personal history under Nazism, and the impact of his thought on German territorial revisionism in the 1920s.     

Strategic Role of Technological Self-Reliance in Development Management

Thanks to technological advancements, every society — throughout the world — is now better off than before. Although this is true for all societies considered in an aggregate manner, within each society and between different societies, the relative gaps in prosperity are increasing. Reversing these gaps is the most important challenge for human development in the twenty-first century. A thorough scrutiny of the causes for the observed negative trends would indicate that technological gap is at the root of all. Success stories clearly tell us that technological capacity building is the best foundation for any meaningful economic growth that leads to a higher standard of living and greater prosperity for the citizens of a country. Moreover, technology-based creative problem solving and the ability to manage technological innovation are essential prerequisites for the success of contemporary business executives operating in the competitive globalized market environment. Paying attention to these lessons is the call of the day for any developing country government as well as for the business executives of that country. This article discusses the strategic role of technological self-reliance in development management, in terms of what we have learned so far and where we should be going, so as to reverse the widening technological capacity gap between the developed and developing countries.     

On the cultural basis of gender differences in negotiation

We study how culture and social structure influence bargaining behavior across gender, by exploring the negotiation culture in matrilineal and patriarchal societies using data from a laboratory experiment and a natural field experiment. One interesting result is that in both the actual marketplace and in the laboratory bargaining game, women in the matrilineal society earn more than men, at odds with years of evidence observed in the western world. We find that this result is critically driven by which side of the market the person is occupying: female (male) sellers in the matrilineal (patriarchal) society extract more of the bargaining surplus than male (female) sellers. In the buyer role, however, we observe no significant differences across societies.     

Information technology: The need for social experiments

Highly industrialized societies are at present in a critical period, i.e., confronted with futures problems. Information technology is both the historically specific agent, which brought about the present critical period, and the basis for new developments in accordance with emerging new perceptions of the ideals of freedom and equality. Utilization of information technology in agreement with the new perceptions of these ideals requires renewal of the assumptions about the employee-place of work relationship and about the quality of knowledge, the infrastructure, and the decision-making processes of the highly industrialized societies. In order to explore the best uses of information technology under new assumptions, social experiments, as well as a clear understanding of the future as a historical concept among decision makers and participants, are imperative.     

Industrial Structure and Australia– UK Intra-Industry Trade

This paper tests industry-specific hypotheses of the determinants of intra-industry trade in the context of Australia-UK trade. In doing so it separates intra-industry trade (ITT) into ITT in horizontally differentiated products and ITT in vertically differentiated products. It finds that the latter is the dominant former of ITT. Further the paper investigates the robustness of empirical results on testing industry-specific hypotheses to the choice of national (UK or Australian) industrial structure characteristics. The assumption of uniform industrial structures across countries adopted in other studies is shown not to be justified.     

Attachment to a National Money: Evidence on Currency Holding at Different Levels of Development

Most governments issue and maintain a national money stock. Their reasons for doing so include national identity, deficit finance, and policy independence. Against this background, the authors examine agents’ attachment to national currencies as revealed in the pattern of currency holding across countries and over time. The econometric evidence suggests that economic theory can enhance our understanding of these patterns. In a sample of more than 130 countries from 1960 to 1998, the most defensible reduced‐form estimates impute some explanatory power to the various stages of financial development. Along with expected inflation and worldwide financial innovation, this factor provides a partial explanation of currency use around the world. Much variation in currency use across countries over time remains unexplained, however. This suggests that economists’ understanding of the attachment to national currencies is far from complete.     

Brain drain and income distribution

In a context in which increased income inequality has raised much concern, and skilled workers move easily across countries, an important question arises: how does the brain drain affect income distribution in the source economy? We address this question and introduce two contributions to the literature on brain drain. First, we present and solve a simple stylized model to study whether and, if so, how the brain drain affects the distribution of income, in a context in which higher education is publicly financed with general taxes. Second, we explore empirically the effect of an increase in skilled emigration on income distribution. A key prediction of our theoretical model is the existence of a non-monotonic relationship between income inequality and emigration of skilled workers. Our empirical data confirm this result, showing a statistically significant inverse U-shaped form.     

General equilibrium with trade balance and real interest rate parity

This paper demonstrates, in the context of a two-sector OLG neoclassical growth model, conditions under which international trade in consumption goods alone may be sufficient for the equalization of real returns to physical capital across countries; that is, under which commodity arbitrage is sufficient for real interest rate parity (RIRP). This role for repeated commodity arbitrage is established via a dynamic extension of the factor price equalization (FPE) theorem which is valid at all dates comprising the equilibrium path as well as its steady state. The results are at odds with the conventional view regarding RIRP which arises from open one-sector growth models, in which case steady state trade balance and RIRP are irreconcilable, and are also a contradiction to frequent assertions of lon-run specialization in two-sector frameworks. An equilibrium path for an integrated world economy yields an endogenous, time-variant cone of diversification which implies sufficient conditions for the dynamic paths of a cross-section of economies to exhibit FPE, and hence RIRP with trade balance, at all points in time. These conditions require that the savings rates and initial capital-labor ratios of individual countries do not deviate too significantly from world averages, and that both sectors absorb capital easily. The first of these requirements is sufficient to establish steady state FPE and RIRP in the general specification. The first two requirements are sufficient for the entire equilibrium path to be characterized by FPE and RIRP in a log-linear example. Received: September 22, 1998; revised version: February 10, 2000     

Which way does water flow? An econometric analysis of the global price integration of water stocks

Around US$600 billion of investment is desperately needed to address forecasted huge shortages in water supply globally. A number of worldwide investors – so-called water funds – have started to take up this challenge. For these global water investors, knowledge about the extent of integration between the water sectors of financial markets is highly important. According to international portfolio diversification theory, the less (more) integrated markets are, the more (less) benefits there are from international diversification. In this study, we investigate the extent and manner of interdependence among the US, European and Asian water sector of the equity markets based on Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger causality and impulse response analyses. We find that world water stock market prices are indeed significantly interdependent although this interdependence varies across time periods. Each market quickly responds to shocks from each other and completes its response within 3 days. Hence, for water investors, international diversification that is undertaken just within the water sector will not be beneficial. The result also implies that there is the risk of crossmarket contagion – that is, price volatility spill over across water sectors of different financial markets, and therefore, water authorities in one market should take cognisance of events in other markets.     

我国知识型员工知识共享多维度量表编制与信效度检验

在早期研究的基础上,从共享内容和共享方向两个视角,开发出符合我国文化背景的知识型员工知识共享多维度测量量表。以知识型员工为研究对象,借助于来自我国内地13个省份的大样本问卷调研数据,探索了我国知识型员工知识共享维度结构,检验了量表信度和效度。探索性因子结果表明,我国知识型员工知识共享具有四维结构,即一般知识贡献、一般知识收集、关键知识贡献、关键知识收集。验证性因子分析证实了结构模型的合理性。信度和效度检验结果表明,所构建的知识型员工知识共享量表具有较好的信度和效度。     

经济学必须全面更新—兼论大协调经济学

全球化的经济活动,冲击着自然界和人类社会,造成了各种全球问题,已经危及人类的生存与发展,反弹回来,又冲击着人类的经济思维和经济学。经济学必须全面更新,才能适应建立全球化协调的经济机制,帮助统筹解决和预防各种全球问题,实现可持续发展。本文在这个大尺度上,对全新的经济学的概念、框架、体系,作了专题的系统研究,并拓宽了进一步研究的思路与合作途径。     

A framework for technology based national planning

Technology, in today's increasingly interdependent society, provides hope, values, and faith for mankind. It brings hope for bridging the gap between the haves and the have-nots; it is responsible for altering economic and social values; and it is the faith upon which the world of tomorrow is being built. Thus, the relationship between technology and the development of our societies is inextricably bound in a complex manner. This paper examines the problems of achieving technology induced socioeconomic progress, as well as the limitations of current national accounting practices. To integrate technological considerations into the national development planning process better technology measurement methodologies must first be designed. Secondly, to make the integration process more organic and effective “make-some and buy-some technologies,” based on the concept of an approach to development planning and using three technology domains (importing technology, traditional technology, and exporting technology) is needed.