BOT模式运作下乡村生态旅游项目的发展路径研究——以重庆市为例

乡村生态旅游是农业和旅游业发展相结合的产业,其作为农村经济发展的重要引擎,已然成为解决"三农"问题的重要渠道。重庆位于我国西南地区,农业历史悠久,旅游资源发达,乡村生态旅游发展已经初现规模。但由于重庆整体经济水平在全国处于中游,加上城市基础设施投入占去政府财政支出的大部分,因此发展乡村生态旅游项目面临资金短缺和管理不善的困境。BOT模式是私营企业参与基础设施建设,向社会提供公共服务的一种方式,在我国又被称为"特许经营权",是指政府将"特许经营权"下放给私营企业,允许其参与建设和运营公共设施项目,并通过经营和管理获得利润回报的一种营销运作模式。BOT形式适用于我国当前乡村生态旅游项目的开发和发展,对改善乡村旅游项目资金不足问题及提高项目管理水平具有明显的促进作用。但BOT模式也存在诸如规划风险、道德风险和圈地风险等现实问题,需要从政府和企业等2个角度分别采取有效措施,包括加强立法工作、加大政府监管力度和制定严格的BOT协议等。     

我国项目融资现状及发展趋势

近年来,我国的一些大型基础设施项目陆续采用了BOT、ABS等项目融资方式建设,并取得了一定成效.但由于我国应用项目融资的时间较短,从总体上看,发展还处于起步阶段.怎样尽快推进项目融资在我国的应用与发展,这是学术界急需探索的共同问题.     

BOT:土地整理融资新模式

BOT是Buid-Operate-Transfer（建设-运营-移交）的英文缩写,是20世纪80年代以后在国际上兴起的一种新的投资合作方式。BOT项目融资是指私营机构参与国家公共基础设施项目,并与政府机构形成一种“伙伴”关系,在互利互惠的基础上分配该项目的资源、风险和利益的融资方式。 目前,我国各地土地整理多为政府部门或其下属机构直接投资建设,投融资渠道单一,制约了土地整理的进一步发展。在我国加入WTO之后,如何拓展投融资渠道,吸引国内外企业和个人投资土地整理,以提高土地整理效益,将土地整理工作推进到更深层次和更高境界,是十分迫切的科研任务。 本文提出将BOT模式应用于土地整理项目融资的思路,值得大家关注。     

我省BOT投资方式应用探析

公共资金和先进技术的缺乏以及其他一些限制约束，使发展中国家的政府转向了向私营组织寻求开发基础设施的资金，BOT方式就是一种不需财政拨款进行基础设施建设的有效融资方式。BOT作为一种新型的投融资方式，无疑为我省基础设施的建设与发展带来了新的生机，它能够有效解决我省基础设施建设的资金难题，加快我省基础设施建设的步伐。     

浅谈高速公路筹融资成本控制

高速公路对我国经济的发展起着非常重要的作用,但是高速公路建设需要大量的资金。本文重点对BOT融资方式进行介绍,并对BOT融资方式融资成本的控制给出建议。     

我国森林生态效益补偿制度采用BOT融资方式的探讨

在阐述BOT融资方式特征的基础上,通过对我国森林生态效益补偿制度建设中采用BOT融资方式的可行性分析,得出BOT融资方式可以作为我国森林生态效益补偿制度的资金筹措方式,并且进一步为我国森林生态效益补偿制度设计了BOT融资的基本程序和运作框架。     

我国森林生态效益补偿制度采用BOT融资方式的探讨

在阐述BOT融资方式特征的基础上,通过对我国森林生态效益补偿制度建设中采用BOT融资方式的可行性分析,得出BOT融资方式可以作为我国森林生态效益补偿制度的资金筹措方式,并且进一步为我国森林生态效益补偿制度设计了BOT融资的基本程序和运作框架.     

我国BOT融资的实施方式

本分析了BOT的定义及在我国的应用范围，根据我国目前的情况，指出政府与企业之间进行合作是组织基础建设的一种切实有效的管理模式。根据中国经济建设和市场经济的发展以及我国目前金融市场的概况，本对BOT在我国的融资方式进行了初步的探讨。     

运用BOT融资模式支持农村流通体系建设

<正>在国务院改革地方政府举债融资机制、剥离平台公司政府融资职能的情况下,农发行运用一般BOT模式,适度支持与统筹城乡发展相匹配的农村流通体系建设,既能为前期支持的城镇化建设项目提供有力的产业支撑,又能持续提升支农影响力。农村流通体系建设项目BOT融资模式,是指地方政府或地方政府指定机构与借款人签订BOT合同,借款人取得特许经营权,向农发行融资,进行农村流通体系项目建设、经营和维护等,在规定的特许经营期内回收成本并获得合理回报用以偿还农发行贷款的模式。在国务院改革地方政府举债融资机制,剥离平台公司政府融资职     

城市水务设施建设市场融资模式研究

以城市水务设施的经济特征为前提，充分考虑国际水务市场化发展趋势和我国国情，指出了我国城市水务设施建设市场融资的难点。在此基础上运用产权理论提出解决水务设施建设市场融资的根本途径是将水务设施项目的经济效果内部化。以此为指导，分析城市水务设施的市场潜力，提出城市水务设施可采用的市场融资方式，包括商业银行贷款；BOT和TOT等项目融资、金融租赁和利用契约性储蓄以及外国政府贷款、国际金融组织优惠贷款、国内政策性银行贷款等。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.