改制模式、资金占用与公司绩效

本文考察了不同改制模式对于发行上市后控股股东集团净占用上市公司资金的影响。通过分析1997—2000年我国285家国有企业首次公开发行后3年的数据,我们发现与完整改造公司相比,非完整改造公司的控股股东集团更容易发生净占用上市公司资金的问题,而且净占用的程度更高。实证研究还发现非完整改造公司的经营绩效差于完整改造公司,并且很大程度上,这种差别是来源于非完整改造公司的控股股东集团对上市公司资金的过度占用。     

Price Signaling and Return Chasing: International Evidence from Maturing REIT Markets

This article examines the liquidity of international real estate securities across 10 markets over the period 1990–2015. We apply and compare results for four different measures of liquidity, and find that while liquidity has increased consistently, wide variations still exist across markets, with the United States and Japan in the lead. Our results also suggest that the introduction of local REIT regimes did not have any pervasive effects on stock liquidity. When we study the relationship between liquidity and returns, we document new and consistent evidence for international return chasing behavior, whose pattern is a function of local market efficiency, listed real estate market maturity and stock ownership dispersion. The introduction of REIT regimes seems to weaken the importance of extra performance over and above general equity returns as investors tend to allocate funds to real estate securities within real estate rather than equity portfolios.     

退出成本、经理行为与国有企业改革

本文在现有理论的基础上将退出成本引入对经理行为的分析。分析表明,退出成本的存在会使经理采取积极行动以避免退出,经理的努力水平会随着退出成本的增加而提高;通过提高经理的退出成本,所有者以较少的剩余索取权激励使经理提供相同的努力水平。本文认为,退出成本过低是导致当前国有企业效率低下的重要原因之一。国有企业改革应该多管齐下,在当前推行产权改革、治理结构优化和剥离政策性负担、引入竞争机制等一系列改革措施的同时,政府还应该采取措施以提高国有企业经理的退出成本,以避免其他改革措施事倍功半。     

Contingent value of director identification: The role of government directors in monitoring and resource provision in an emerging economy

Research summary: Although previous studies have explored the value of government directors, less attention has been directed at the antecedents of government directors' engagement in value‐adding activities, such as managerial monitoring and resource provision. Drawing on social identity theory, we offer a novel model that specifies how a government director's dual identifications with the focal firm, and with the government individually and interactively affect his or her governance behavior. An investigation of government directors in China shows that their identification with the focal firm enhances monitoring and resource provision, while their identification with the government affects monitoring and resource provision differently. depending on the dominance of state ownership. The synergistic/substitutable effects between the two types of identification are contingent on state ownership and governance roles. Managerial summary: This study examines how a government director's dual identities—as a government official and as a board member of a focal firm affect his or her engagement in managerial monitoring and resource provision. Using data of Chinese listed firms, we find that government directors who strongly identify with the focal firm or with the government are highly motivated to fulfill their fiduciary obligations. However, the positive effects of their identification with the government differ between state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and non‐SOEs. The combination of the two identifications offers a further boost to monitoring in non‐SOEs, and to resource provision in both SOEs and non‐SOEs, but it acts as a disincentive to monitoring in SOEs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Confounding changes in averages with marginal effects: How anchoring can destroy economic value in strategic investment assessments

Profit maximization requires that decision makers assess marginal profits. We demonstrate that decision makers often confound marginal profits with changes in average profits (e.g., changes in return‐on‐investment). This results in systematic deviations from profit maximization where decision makers forgo profit‐enhancing investments that reduce average profits or engage in loss‐enhancing investments that decrease average losses. In other words, average profit becomes an anchor by which new investments are assessed. We conduct two decision‐making experiments that show this bias and demonstrate it is pronounced when average profit data are accessible or task‐relevant. Moreover, we find within‐subject effects across experiments, which helps demonstrate the mechanism that invokes the bias. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国养老保险最优缴费率的实证分析——基于贴现因子和劳动增长率差异的分析

从个人效用和社会福利最大化的角度出发,养老保险制度存在着最优的缴费率。最优缴费率与资本产出弹性α、未来效用的贴现因子ρ、人口增长率n、有效劳动增长率g、个人工资与社会平均工资的比例λ等参数有关。结合中国现实,在其他参数不变的前提下,依据贴现因子和劳动增长率的变动能够形成四组组合模式。模拟结论表明,现行养老保险制度的社会统筹缴费率是符合福利最大化的最优缴费率;现行养老保险制度的个人账户缴费率与实现福利最大化的最优个人账户缴费率相比是偏低的;缴费期的长短与最优社会统筹缴费率的高低成正比而与最优个人账户缴费率的高低成反比;有效劳动增长率的高低与最优社会统筹缴费率成正比而与最优个人账户缴费率成反比。     

国有企业工作经历、企业家才能与企业成长

人力资本的高效配置和企业家才能的充分发挥关系到经济的可持续发展,制度建设如果能促进资源合理流向具有企业家才能的企业家,就能创造更多就业和社会财富。基于全国1997—2016年的私营企业调查数据,本文考察企业家的国有企业工作经历对企业成长的影响。研究结果显示,企业家的国有企业工作经历使得企业在市场扩张和盈利能力等方面表现更好,带来了更高水平的企业成长。机制讨论表明,企业家行为带有明显的烙印效应,国有企业工作经历为企业家带来了更多的社会资本和更高的公司治理水平,从而促进了企业成长。为了缓解由于选择性偏误等带来的内生性,本文采用倾向得分匹配、处理效应模型、代理变量、双差分模型等方法进行处理,结论仍然稳健。中国经济要向资源配置效率改善型模式转变,企业家才能的发挥至关重要,国有企业改革不仅应注重产权等方面的改革,同时也要充分重视国有企业改革带来的人力资本溢出效应。在不断深化国有企业改革的大背景下,本文从企业家才能培育和人力资本配置效应的角度考察国有企业改革问题,倡导国有企业改革进程中进一步营造企业家才能发挥的空间和制度安排,提高人力资本配置效应,从而促进中国经济健康可持续发展。     

跨国公司并购与大型国有企业改革

以大型国有企业为并购对象是近期跨国公司在华并购活动的一个新动向，因此，对于跨国公司并购与大型国有企业改革问题的研究就具有特殊的现实意义。本文在对跨国公司并购和大型国有企业改革目标进行深入分析的基础上，就目标之间的一致性和差异性展开讨论，深层次揭示跨国公司并购对大型国有企业改革所产生的具体影响，并从政府管制和企业管理两个层面提出相应的对策。     

Political connections in the land market: Evidence from China's state‐owned enterprises

This study examines whether political connections lead state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) to behave differently from privately owned enterprises (POEs) in acquiring land parcels at auctions and explores the underlying mechanisms that drive the price premiums paid by SOEs. We find that SOEs pay 11.9% more than POEs for observably comparable land parcels at auctions, and the price premiums SOEs pay are mainly driven by wholly state‐owned enterprises (WSOEs). In particular, we provide evidence that SOEs have advance access to information about the development of land parcels in 134 state‐level special economic zones, and land parcels purchased by SOEs lead to positive stock market performance. We also show that an anti‐corruption campaign that weakens political connections and reduces the information advantage leads to a decrease in the price premiums paid by SOEs.     

"新型国有企业"现象初步研究

本文回顾了“新型国有企业”产生的过程,从语义角度界定了“新型国有企业”的特征,并给出了一个“新型国有企业”的分类框架。基于这个框架,本文从实证角度分析了“新型国有企业”的生存状态,指出了“新型国有企业”未来发展趋势。本文的研究表明,“新型国有企业”的大量出现和发展,是我国经济体制改革的一个突出现象,而“新型国有企业”群体的复杂性和多样性,是我国道路的阶段性表现。到目前为止,大多数“新型国有企业”还没有达到形态稳定和体制规范的程度,尚处于蜕变过程中。这说明,国有企业改革的任务还远没有完成。我国国有企业仍然面临着双重的使命：作为国民经济发展的支柱力量,推进中国工业化的进程;同时实现自身改革的目标,成为同市场经济相适应的更有活力的经济主体。     

CEO duality,organizational slack,and firm performance in China

CEO duality, organizational slack, and ownership types have been found to affect firm performance in China. However, existing work has largely focused on their direct relationships with firm performance. Advancing this research, we develop an integrative framework to address an important and previously underexplored question: How do CEO duality and organizational slack affect the performance of firms with different ownership types? Specifically, we compare the moderating effects of CEO duality on the relationship between organizational slack and firm performance in China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private-owned enterprises (POEs). Findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between organizational slack and firm performance, and that CEO duality negatively moderates this relationship in SOEs, but positively in POEs.     

基于选择性理性的激励模型及应用研究

研究企业激励机制的传统模式主要以经济学理论和目标为前提。本文通过对经济人分析范式的拓展研究，证明在标准的效用最大化经济分析框架中存在着选择性理性的经济行为，经济与管理的激励过程同时包含着社会因素和心理因素及其共同交互作用和影响。个人本质行为激励与社会文化规范激励的交叉作用是研究激励问题不可或缺的手段。     

Slack and the performance of state-owned enterprises

Organizational slack has been recognized as critical to firm performance, although its impact is not always positive. Slack may be used to fuel innovation or alternatively excess resources may be squandered on pet projects. However, most research on slack is rooted in studying private firms in developed economies, especially the United States. Whether prior research on organizational slack can readily inform our understanding of state-owned enterprises’ (SOEs) behavior is questionable since SOEs prioritize goals such as social welfare and full employment differently than do the privately owned enterprises (POEs). The differences between SOEs and POEs influence their sources and use of slack due to the nature of their ownership, budget constraints, and agency relations. To bring insight to this issue we develop an institutional change lifecycle model to study the relationship between slack and the economic and social aspects of SOE performance.     

State Ownership, Privatization and Performance in Singapore: An Exploratory Study from a Strategic Management Perspective

This paper considers the ownership debate with regard to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) performance, that is, whether superior performance of SOEs can be achieved under state ownership. While the traditional belief has been, supported by empirical work, that private ownership is generally associated with superior performance, the experience of Singapore is a clear example to the contrary. We outline global privatization trends and discuss the impact of privatization programs. We then discuss Singapore Telecom as a case where state ownership combined with several contextual and firm-related factors, especially firm strategy, has led to sustained world-class performance. We develop a theoretical framework for this analysis based on the strategic management field. We lastly outline some theoretical and practical implications of the analysis.     

试谈财务管理目标的新选择--经济增加值率最大化

企业财务管理目标(又称企业理财目标),是财务管理的一个基本理论问题,也是评价企业理财活动是否合理有效的标准。目前,我国企业理财的目标有多种,其中利润最大化、股东财富最大化或企业价值最大化等目标最具有影响力和代表性。我认为企业经济增加值最大化是最为科学的财务管理目标。论文从理论与实践相结合的原则出发,对我国企业财务管理目标的选择作一些有益的探索。     

Today's state‐owned enterprises of China: are they dying dinosaurs or dynamic dynamos?

This paper raises the question and provides empirical evidence regarding the status of the evolution of the state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) in China today. In this study, we compare the SOEs to domestic private‐owned enterprises (POEs) and foreign‐controlled businesses (FCBs) in the context of their organizational cultures. While a new ownership form, many of the POEs evolved from former collectives that reflect the traditional values of Chinese business. Conversely, the FCBs are much more indicative of the large global MNCs. Therefore, we look at the SOEs in the context of these two reference points. We conclude that the SOEs of today have substantially transformed to approximate a configuration desired by the Chinese government when it began the SOE transformation a couple of decades ago to make them globally competitive. The SOEs of today appear to be appropriately described as China's economic dynamic dynamo for the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国有垄断边界、控制力和绩效关系研究

本文以第二次产业为样本,研究了国有企业战略性重组之后国有控制力与绩效的关系。结果表明重组后,第二产业国有经济部门利润分布并没有发生显著变化,高利润主要来自于垄断性的国有控制部门,而不是综合要素生产率,非垄断性部门受到综合要素生产率和资本的影响,但其利润水平对全部产业贡献率较低,国有控制力与国有企业的利润呈显著正相关,与非国有企业的利润呈微弱正相关,表明高利润更多地来自于行业的行政性壁垒。论文最后从经济、法律和市场等角度讨论了改善产业绩效的途径和方法。     

Theories of the (state-owned) firm

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) contribute approximately 10% of the world’s GDP. SOEs at one time were predicted to disappear from the economic landscape of the world, but today SOEs are growing more prevalent in the world economy. The current theories of the firm that form the pillars of the management discipline largely ignore the theoretical differences that SOEs introduce into the conceptualization of the firm. Therefore, we extend four core theories of the firm by incorporating SOEs as a mainstream (not special or marginal) organizational form into these theories. We focus specifically on property rights theory, transaction cost theory, agency theory, and resource-based theory, culminating in a research agenda with 12 testable propositions.     

Skyscrapers and the Skyline: Manhattan, 1895–2004

This article investigates the market for skyscrapers in Manhattan from 1895 to 2004. Clark and Kingston (1930) have argued that extreme height is a result of profit maximization, while Helsley and Strange (2008) posit that skyscraper height can be caused, in part, by strategic interaction among builders. I provide a model for the market for building height and the number of completions, which are functions of the market fundamentals and the desire of builders to stand out in the skyline. I test this model using time series data. I find that skyscraper completions and average heights over the 20th century are consistent with profit maximization; the desire to add extra height to stand out does not appear to be a systematic determinant of building height.