从资产负债表看美联储的救市与退出

为应对金融危机,美联储采取了一系列措施,包括下调联邦基金利率水平、量化宽松政策、对现有的货币政策工具进行创新、对金融机构实施紧急救助等,这些措施对金融市场实施全方位的救助,增加了基础货币的供应,促进了金融市场的恢复,同时也使美联储的资产额大幅增加。由于市场信心尚未完全恢复,金融机构不愿意放贷,美联储通过各种金融工具投放出去的流动性又流回美联储。如果经济好转、市场信心恢复,这些流动性投向市场,将对经济形成巨大的通货膨胀压力。未来的退出步骤将与救市步骤相反,即先通过数量化工具收回市场上过多的流动性,使美联储的资产负债表达到正常的水平,再提高联邦基金利率。就美联储的资产负债表的结构和美国经济的现实情况来看,美联储的低利率政策还将持续一段时间。     

货币政策对银行间市场流动性影响效应的实证研究及启示

银行间货币市场是央行实施货币政策的重要平台，研究货币政策对银行间市场流动性的影响对于完善商业银行日常流动性管理具有重要意义。文章在设定银行间市场流动性测度指标与梳理货币政策工具对市场流动性的影响机制的基础上，分别使用事件分析法和时间序列模型对不同政策工具的影响效应进行实证分析，得出相关分析结论，并总结其对于完善商业银行日常流动性管理的启示。     

金融危机条件下美联储新货币政策工具的运用

次贷危机爆发后,美联储根据本国金融市场变化情况,在《联邦储备法令》的授权下,创设了包括定期标售工具、定期证券借贷工具、一级交易商信用工具、货币市场投资者融资工具在内的7种新型货币政策工具,旨在为各类金融机构提供流动性支持,鼓励金融机构的放贷积极性,及恢复金融市场功能。该文详细介绍这些新型货币政策工具的操作规则及市场功能。     

全球货币状况—美国与中国

<正>本文介绍我们估算的渣打全球货币状况指数,并估算它对政策变化的敏感性中国广义货币M2增长最快最多,但全球流动性仍为美国主导当前,其他条件相同时,美联储每制造100亿美元,全球流动性就增加240亿美元一、谁的影响最大?放缓量化宽松购买美国国债以及抵押贷款证券化的步伐——美联储发出这一信号后,市场对该信号的反应引出一些至关重要的未解问题,其中包括美联储逐步缩减量化宽松对全球货币及金融状况的影响。近期我们也看到中国流动性所引起的市场恐慌。政策制定者限制回     

政策灵活适度,市场整体趋稳——2019年货币市场回顾与展望

2019年,在国内外风险挑战明显上升的背景下,人民银行坚持实施稳健的货币政策,灵活运用多种货币政策工具,精准投放,维护银行体系流动性稳定。货币市场运行平稳,市场深度广度进一步提高,利率中枢有所下行,全年利率呈宽幅震荡走势。展望2020年,我国将继续维持稳健的货币政策和积极的财政政策,各种政策工具灵活适度,流动性合理充裕。     

结构性流动性缺口背景下中央银行货币政策操作工具选择

本文研究显示，在结构性流动性缺口状态，中央银行公开市场操作效力增强，央票发行、正回购、逆回购不仅与货币市场利率在统计上显著，而且正、逆回购也对物价有显著影响，是最为重要的政策工具选项。同时，由于银行体系流动性更易受到短期扰动因素的影响，需要相机运用短期流动性调节工具（SLO）和常设借贷便利（SLF）等创新工具予以补充。此外，传统的再贷款、再贴现工具提供流动性的功能也将逐步恢复。     

美国量化宽松货币政策对我国出口及通货膨胀的影响分析

自2008年金融危机后,美联储连续实施了四轮量化宽松货币政策(QE),通过直接向市场注入流动性和降低资金价格的方式,以稳定金融市场,推动经济复苏.但大规模美元基础货币的投放实质上造成了美元的贬值.作为一种世界性货币,大量的美元流动性不仅对美国的经济、金融产生影响,同时通过多种传导机制在世界范围内产生溢出效应.特别是作为最主要新兴经济体之一的我国,在通货膨胀、出口等多方面都受到了美国量化宽松政策的影响.     

紧缩流动性政策的效应分析及其建议

针对目前市场上由于流动性过剩出现的物价持续上升,股价和房价大幅攀升,经济过热的现象,中央银行积极采取了各项紧缩流动性的政策措施,连续多次提高存贷款基准利率,上调存款准备金率,控制信贷规模。紧缩流动性政策的实施对于稳定物价,控制货币供应量规模,调节国内证券市场运行收到了一定的效果。但是,紧缩流动性政策还应当考虑长期结构调整的问题,适当控制调控力度,有针对性地实施紧缩政策。     

欧洲央行流动性管理措施创新实践与效应

欧洲央行拥有较为完善的常规流动性供给机制,面对危机状态下市场融资功能的萎缩,欧央行通过创新和运用多种非常规流动性供给工具,为金融机构和市场提供必要的流动性支持。文章系统梳理了危机前后欧央行常规和非常规流动性管理工具的操作方式和功能,评估了非常规货币工具在市场流动性、利率和经济方面的实施效果,并探讨了其对于完善我国流动性管理的几点启示。     

联储流动性救助工具创新及其对我国的启示

次贷危机发生后，联储为应对短期资金市场中的巨大流动性压力，恢复金融机构的信贷职能，创设了名目繁多的流动性救助工具。本文对联储自2007年以来推出的各种流动性救助工具进行了认真梳理，并分析了这些工具创新对我国的借鉴意义。     

Investigating risk contagion initiated by endogenous liquidity shocks: evidence from the US and eurozone interbank markets

This paper investigates liquidity spillovers between the US and European interbank markets during turbulent and tranquil periods. We show that an endogenous model with time-varying transition probabilities is effective in describing the propagation of liquidity shocks within the interbank market, while predicting liquidity crashes characterised by changed dynamics. We show that liquidity shocks, originating from movements of the spread between the Asset Backed Commercial Paper and T-bill, drive regime changes in the euro fixed-float OIS swap rate. Our results support the idea of endogenous contagion from the US money market to the eurozone money market during the global financial crisis.     

The financial crisis in Norway: effects on financial markets and measures taken

This article guides through the measures implemented in Norway in order to dampen negative effects stemming from the financial crisis. We also discuss some features of the Norwegian money market and the liquidity system in Norway. From the point of view of central banks, the widening gap between money market rates and the key policy rate has been one disturbing element of the financial crises. We develop a simple model, which illustrates how developments in forward exchange premiums can provide insight as to why money market premiums differ across currencies. The model shows that the excess supply of term liquidity in dollar relative to the excess supply of term liquidity in other currencies has an impact on the domestic money market premium relative to that on USD.     

德国利率市场化改革的特点与其金融业发展

利率市场化是指金融机构在货币市场经营融资的利率由市场供求来决定,它包括利率决定、利率传导、利率结构和利率管理的市场化。文章考察了德国利率市场化改革的特点及其对金融业发展的积极影响。德国利率市场化改革分步骤平稳推进。改革后,在全能银行模式下德国金融业没有出现象美、英那样的银行集中倒闭危机;银行贷款在非金融部门融资中仍居于主导地位,而住户部门的金融资产结构发生显著变化;德国的货币政策主要是通过改变银行的流动性来影响金融市场利率,进而间接影响银行信贷政策以及实体经济。     

2013年中国货币市场运行报告

2013年,我国继续实施稳健的货币政策,坚持总量稳定、结构优化的要求,适时适度预调微调,保持银行体系流动性平稳,推动经济结构调整。在此背景下,货币市场交易规模稳步扩大,利率水平震荡上行,波动幅度和频率明显加大,非银行金融机构交易日趋活跃,货币市场的流动性管理功能进一步体现。     

我国货币市场基金发展问题探讨

货币市场基金是一种低风险、高流动性的基金,近年来在我国发展迅速。本文论述了我国货币市场基金的发展状况,以及制约我国货币市场基金发展的基本因素,并在总结国际经验的基础上提出了选择合适的发展路径、发展新的市场工具、鼓励更多的金融主体参与、改革内部运行机制、提高市场运作效率、创造良好的市场和法制环境等发展我国货币市场基金的对策建议。     

Monetary policy and covered interest parity in the post GFC period: Evidence from the Australian dollar and the NZ dollar

After the global financial crisis (GFC), most major currencies had higher interest rates than the US dollar on forward contract because of increased demand for the US dollar as international liquidity. However, unlike the other major currencies, the Australian dollar and the NZ dollar had lower interest rates than the US dollar on forward contract in the post GFC period. The purpose of this paper is to explore why this happened through estimating the covered interest parity (CIP) condition. In the analysis, we focus on a unique feature of Australia and New Zealand where short-term interest rates remained significantly positive even after the GFC. The paper first constructs a theoretical model where increased liquidity risk causes deviations from the CIP condition. It then tests this theoretical implication by using daily data of six major currencies. We find that both money market risk measures and policy rates had significant effects on the CIP deviations. The result implies that unique monetary policy feature in Australia and New Zealand made deviations from the CIP condition distinct on the forward contract.     

数量规则还是利率规则？——我国转型时期量价混合型货币规则的理论基础

本文对我国货币政策转型时期兼顾数量和价格的货币政策调控实践进行了深入的分析。在货币数量论和货币效用模型的基础上,从理论上阐明了货币数量规则与利率价格规则的等价关系,并构建了符合中国货币政策实践的数量与价格混合型货币政策规则。这对于更好地理解我国货币政策转型时期的量价混合型货币政策操作具有重要的理论和现实意义。相关推论表明,正是由于数量和价格混合型货币规则,在利率低于均衡水平的情形下,中国的货币增速并未引发恶性通胀;修正的物价稳定泰勒原理表明,利率调整幅度小于通胀变化仍能够实现物价稳定。对中国的经验分析支持了理论和推论结果。在利率市场化基本完成和流动性格局逆转的当下,货币政策价格调控方式转型的必要性和迫切性日益上升,转型的条件日趋成熟。     

Money Market Reform in Korea and Its Effects on the Overnight Call–Repurchase Agreement Rate

The Korean government implemented money market reform after the global financial crisis, aiming to develop the repurchase agreement (RP, repo) market. In this article, I analyze the reform and its effects on money markets. Results show that the reform strengthened the functionality of the RP market and the monetary policy transmission channel to it. The error correction model indicates that although the adjustments to the equilibrium occurred through the call rate during the global financial crisis, they were processed through the RP rate in later periods. The ability of the RP rate to inform market liquidity conditions has improved.     

Money,Asset Prices,and the Liquidity Premium

This paper examines the effect of monetary policy on the market value of the liquidity services that financial assets provide, known as the liquidity premium. The theory predicts that money supply and nominal interest rates have positive effects on the liquidity premium, but asset supply has a negative effect. The empirical analysis with U.S. data confirms the theoretical predictions. The theory also proposes that the liquidity properties of assets can cause negative nominal yields when the money holding cost is low and liquid assets are scarce. The suggestive empirical findings in Switzerland to support this theoretical result are presented.