金融危机前后江苏中小企业法律政策环境的比较分析——以私营企业为例

中小企业在总量上占我国GDP、劳动就业、财政税收、技术创新等方面50%及以上比重,它们对中国经济的稳定和转型升级非常重要。中小企业的诞生和发展与国内法律政策环境的变化息息相关。通过国家和地方层面环境因素与江苏私营企业发展的相关性分析,比较金融危机前后法律政策环境对私营企业发展规模和盈利能力的影响情况,可以看出法律政策环境的变化在金融危机爆发后确实对江苏中小企业发展起到了一定的影响作用。尤其是国家层面,对协助中小企业摆脱危机导致的进出口负面影响卓有成效,但企业自身盈利能力和自主发展能力无法依赖法律政策环境,需从企业自身寻找出路。本文的创新点在于,阐述政策环境对企业发展具有有限作用,它与企业的盈利能力和自主发展能力相辅相成。     

Direct investment in Asia by German small and medium-sized enterprises

The tremendous importance of small and medium-sized enterprises within the German economy is repeatedly stressed in policy discussions. That makes the disproportionately low level of involvement by SMEs in the Asian growth region stand out all the more prominently. What are the factors inhibiting greater involvement? What form ought promotion programmes for SMEs to take?     

关于提升我国中小企业国际化水平的思考

近10年来中国企业的国际化程度迅速提高,"走出去"的规模迅速增大。从企业特点和国际市场态势观察,中国应该从大型企业领衔对外投资扩展到鼓励支持更多中小企业"走出去"。中小企业的国际化水平,是反映中国经济和中国企业国际化水平的重要内容。中小企业在提升国际化水平的时候,要注意发挥其独特的优势,并在行业选择、区域选择和介入国际市场的组织方式选择上制订好积极稳妥的发展战略与策略;而政府和社会有关方面,应该对中小企业的国际化水平的提高给予更多的关注和采取更积极的政策措施加以推进。     

SMES' FINANCING, Hard Nut to Be Cracked?

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a crucial driving force for innovation,employment and development and the engines of growth in an economy. But as the sector is characterized by information asymmetries and high processing costs, banks are reluctant to lend to SMEs, which have long faced difficulties in financing. Amid capital depletion, risk aversion and credit contraction in the current global economic crisis, the issue of financing for SMEs isa pressing issue for all nations, which isnot exceptional to China.     

The impact of board of directors’ characteristics on the internationalization of family SMEs

Family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face both general bounded rationality challenges and a unique expression of bounded rationality in their internationalization process: the bifurcation bias, a concept aligned with modern transaction cost theory (TCT). We argue that efficient governance in family SMEs, and especially features of the Board of Directors’ composition, can help alleviate bounded rationality. Complementing TCT with upper echelons theory (UET), we investigate which Board characteristics in family SMEs contribute to efficient governance and the ensuing strategy decisions. We focus specifically on strategy decisions in the internationalization sphere. Our empirical analysis of survey data from 328 Belgian family SMEs, operating out of a small open economy, reveals that family SMEs internationalize more if their Boards are ‘open’, ‘inclusive’, ‘experienced’ and ‘active’. These Board characteristics, all reflective of efficient governance, i.e., providing the Board with the capacity to alleviate bounded rationality constraints, positively contribute to internationalization, especially (and perhaps paradoxically) when the family SME is managed by a CEO who is also a family member.     

Marketing in Chinese Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): The State of the Art in a Chinese Socialist Economy

This paper adopts the context-embedded approach to examine the marketing practices of 307 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the People’’s Republic of China by comparing the survey findings with that of Hong Kong and Guangdong SMEs. Chinese SMEs focus on regional markets to avoid direct competition with Hong Kong SMEs in the international markets and also their Guangdong counterparts in the turbulent nationwide market. To market their own brands, Chinese SMEs have to analyze the market and use superior marketing strategies in the competitive markets. Chinese SMEs do not attain the superior competitive positions as that of their Guangdong counterparts, but they use customer satisfaction surveys and claims investigation to help develop excellence in product performance. Also, Chinese SMEs have to provide value-added products and services and also a well-rounded marketing competitive strategy to gain market shares. The traditional state-owned enterprise structure in China facilitates the development of hierarchical organizational structure and joint decision making process. Thus, care should be taken in assuming that marketing tools and techniques are equally applicable across all places, even in similar cultural contexts. Socio-cultural influences and mediating environmental factors should be considered when attempting to understand the marketing practices of Chinese small firms, specifically when China is in transition to a socialist market economy.     

中小企业的地位变迁与政策调适:日本经验及借鉴

改革开放以来,中小企业在中国的经济生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但到目前为止,中国的中小企业仍然难以取得和其他性质企业一样的平等竞争的地位,中小企业的政策及其效果还远不尽如人意。日本是世界上中小企业政策和服务体系最完备的国家之一。日本中小企业政策的最显著地特点就是随着国内外经济形势的发展变化做出适时的调整。因此,研究日本中小企业地位变迁与政策调适,对于我国中小企业政策的制定以及中小企业的发展具有重要的现实意义。     

Wo liegt der Kern des deutschen Mittelstands?

The Mittelstand is deemed to be a particular strength of the German economy. In international comparison, though, the contribution of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to the economy is larger in many southern European countries. In this article, we argue that SMEs do not capture the core of the German Mittelstand, which instead lies in medium-sized companies larger than the current SME defi nition.     

Returnee entrepreneurs and firm performance in Chinese high-technology industries

Building on the knowledge-based view and network perspectives, this paper explores the relationships between knowledge, networks and firm performance. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset of 353 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of returning entrepreneurs and 358 local entrepreneur-owned SMEs from Zhongguancun Science Park in China, we find that the SMEs of returning entrepreneurs perform better than those owned by local entrepreneurs due to their technological and commercial knowledge as well as their international entrepreneurial orientation. Our results show that international networks positively affect firm performance in high-tech industries. Our findings indicate that returnee entrepreneurs gain competitive advantages through utilising their intangible assets to exploit business opportunities and development in an emerging economy.     

Internationalisation of SMEs from the perspective of social learning theory

Internationalisation is seen as an important issue for the globalised economy. Therefore, it has been widely investigated among multinational enterprises and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Even though earlier work acknowledges that internationalisation consists of entrepreneurial actions (e.g. discovery and exploitation of an international business opportunity) and learning from the market, detailed understanding of the process of social learning in internationalisation is still lacking. In this study, we use the cycle of expansive learning as a conceptual framework. It shows that entrepreneurial actions between SMEs construct international business opportunities. More specifically, entrepreneurial actions are about learning that constructs and co-creates knowledge. The cycle of expansive learning assumes that such knowledge is social in nature making the very nature of knowledge the basis of claims to explicate what the process of social learning entails. In the context of international entrepreneurship, there is also a by-product of that type of co-created and object-oriented action: the internationalisation of SMEs. The purpose of this study is to explore the internationalisation of SMEs through the cycle of expansive learning to better understand how such a by-product can be created. In examining a story of collaboration between two entrepreneurs, we found the start of the cycle to be more significant than the later stages. From the perspective of social learning, this suggests that entrepreneurs create meanings rather than exploit international opportunities in the business-sense alone. That said, internationalisation happens as a by-product of social acting.     

我国实体经济发展问题分析及对策

实体经济是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础,是一国市场稳定运行的最广泛基础。它直接与民生疾苦和企业生存联系在一起,越是在经济结构经历深刻变革的时期,"实体经济"的稳定运行对于维护社会经济秩序往往越重要。当前我国在发展实体经济方面面临的挑战,主要是产业利润空间越来越小,存在着繁重的税费、利息负担,大部分中小企业银行融资困难,虚拟经济与实体经济收益形成鲜明对比,全球经济增速减缓造成需求不足等。我国应抓住发展的重要机遇,全面提高国家、产业乃至企业的竞争力,大力发展实体经济。     

A Transition Cost Rationale for Transition of the Firm within the Family

Small Business Economics - This paper is about the transition of ownership of shares in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within the family (i.e. from parents to children). In spite of the...     

Strengthen Credit Risk Management of SMEs

What kind of enterprises can be called SMEs - small and medium enterprises？ What is the standard？ According to the standards written in the Law of Small and Medium Enterprises, in industry, small and medium enterprises must accord with the following conditions： the number of employees is under 2,000, or the amount of total sale is under 0.3 billion yuan, or the total assets are under 0.4 billion yuan. In addition,     

中小企业基于电子商务的竞争策略研究

电子商务作为一种创新经济运行方式,为中小企业提供了一个新的发展契机。电子商务的应用对于企业提高市场竞争力起着至关重要的作用,中小企业应该充分认识电子商务的重要性,长远规划电子商务,努力实现企业流程再造,有效利用第三方服务平台和联盟优势提高中小企业电子商务综合竞争力。文章主要分析了我国现阶段中小企业实施电子商务存在的不足,并就其所遇到的困难给予相应的对策。     

浅议我国中小企业文化建设的相关问题及举措

中小企业文化建设的目的是提升中小企业核心竞争力、加速k 小企业发展的动力。通过分析我国中小企业文化在中小企业发展中的重要作用、存在的问题,并提出相关举措,为企业的快速发展提供良好的文化氛围。     

How different types of financial service providers support small- and medium enterprises under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: From the perspective of expectancy theory

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted several aspects of the society and the economy. A problem that needs prompt attention in this situation is the increasing difficulties faced by small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in raising capital, which has aroused great concern from multiple stakeholders such as public administrations and regulators. As the major supply of capital, financial service providers (FSPs) play a critical role in financing SMEs. However, how FSPs deal with SME financing during shocks has not yet been fully researched. Accordingly, in this study, a theoretical framework based on expectancy theory is proposed to explore the expected strategic adjustments of FSPs in financing SMEs. Specifically, this study investigates 272 FSPs in China on their expectancy and attitude on financing to SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study has divided FSPs into three categories: commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions, and credit-enhanced FSPs. Differences among these categories are compared and analyzed.     

我国中小企业现实资金需求约束因素分析

中小企业潜在资金需求量极大,但是潜在的需求能否转化成现实需求则受企业自身经营状况,特别是财务状况的约束。企业现实资金需求受以企业历史为依据判断的现时融资能力和企业未来的发展预期两方面因素影响。虽然我国中小企业潜在资金需求量巨大,但现实资金需求能力不高,“中小企业融资难”所要表达的正是存在于潜在与现实之间的巨大缺口。就中小企业自身的制度建设而言,缓解中小企业融资困境需要增强自我积累和提高资金运用能力。     

Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: The role of network relationships in the entry to a psychically distant market

Current research emphasizes the role of extant network relationships in the international development of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Inevitably, these relationships are there, most likely, to provide linkages with and facilitate entry into psychically and geographically close markets. But what of firms entering psychically distant markets, for strategic reasons, as is usually the case with knowledge-intensive SMEs? Will existing network relationships remain important, and will they operate in a similar way. In this exploratory case study, in which eight Finnish software SMEs enter the Japanese market, the decision to enter these markets is found to be for strategic reasons rather than in order to follow network relationships. In addition, the way to enter these markets is not seen influenced by extant business relationships. It seems more reasonable to argue that the important relationships were actively utilized or developed to achieve the market entry, and were, in many cases, mediated relationships with non-profit government-owned consulting firms.     

浅析我国中小企业发展的抑制因素——基于管理观念视角

管理科学在企业甚至其他部门所发挥的影响力和效力日益凸显,在西方国家普遍受到经济社会各阶层的重视。相较于我国,单就企业管理现实而言,重视程度及实际操作却要弱得多,管理观念匮乏更是我国中小企业是普遍存在的现象。在当前的经济环境下,我国中小型企业管理层要深刻认识管理的本质,加快转变观念,正确认识抑制中小企业发展的因素。思想观念作为长期的文化沉淀,做出转变有一定的难度,这就需要寻求合理的对策,促使管理者提高对管理科学的认识,强化管理意识,成为真正的管理者。主要对策是企业高管要自觉转变观念;高校与企业要形成相互促进机制;社会服务机构应发挥良好的辅助作用;政府应建立监督引导机制。     

Developing Absorptive Capacity through e‐Business: The Case of International SMEs

This research uses the absorptive capacity concept as a theoretical lens to study the effect of e‐business upon the internationalization performance of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), addressing the following research issue: To what extent are manufacturing SMEs successful in developing their potential and realized absorptive capacity in response to the environmental uncertainty brought about by their internationalization? Results of a survey study of 588 manufacturing SMEs indicate that e‐business capabilities have a significant impact on internationalization performance to the extent that these capabilities are developed as a response to increased environmental uncertainty. Moreover, these capabilities are realized through the development of networking, advanced manufacturing, and marketing capabilities that also respond to environmental uncertainty.