中国均衡实际有效汇率:一个总量一般均衡分析

亚洲金融危机时期中国实行事实上的盯住美元制度 ,同时亚洲各国的汇率水平进行了重新调整。本文探讨在亚洲金融危机以前及危机期间中国实际有效汇率的“均衡”水平。假定一系列不同的贸易差额 ,我们运用扩展了的Devarajan Lewis Robinson三商品一般均衡模型估计均衡实际有效汇率的不同时间路径。模型的关键要素是要有进口品和出口品价格指数的时间序列资料。鉴于这些价格指数从其他渠道无法获得 ,作者利用贸易数字构造了这些指数。研究发现在亚洲金融危机之前的 4年内中国的实际有效汇率低于均衡汇率 ,这部分地缘于外汇储备的快速累积。与事实相反 ,如果假设在此期间 ,每年不超过 1 0 %的出口收入转化为外汇储备 ,则中国的实际有效汇率将会比现在高 5%到 1 2 %     

The Malaysian Real Trade Balance and the Real Exchange Rate

The cointegration technique is used to examine the long‐run and short‐run relationships between the real Malaysian trade balance with the real exchange rate, domestic and world incomes. The results suggest that a real ringgit exchange rate depreciation improves the trade balance in the long run. World and domestic incomes are also found to be important determinants of trade balance. The significance of world income on trade balance indicates that Malaysia is prone to external shocks. An error‐correction model is then estimated to study the short‐run dynamics of the effects of exchange rate. The impulse response analysis shows that the effect of exchange rate on the trade balance lasts for about three years. A devaluation of ringgit will initially improve the trade balance, albeit small, after which the trade balance starts to deteriorate, and then improves again suggesting that there exists a delayed J‐curve.     

External wealth, the trade balance, and the real exchange rate

We examine the link between the net foreign asset position, the trade balance and the real exchange rate. In particular, we decompose the impact of a country's net foreign asset position (‘external wealth’) on its long-run real exchange rate into two mechanisms: the relation between external wealth and the trade balance; and, holding fixed other determinants, a negative relation between the trade balance and the real exchange rate. We also provide additional evidence that the relative price of nontradables is an important channel linking the trade balance and the real exchange rate.     

The effects of government spending shocks on the real exchange rate and trade balance in Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of government spending shocks on the real exchange rate and foreign trade balance in Turkey for the period of 2002:01–2012:04 within a structural VAR framework. The analysis shows that a positive shock to the government spending tends to induce real exchange rate appreciation and deterioration in trade balance. We also find that the composition of the government spending matters. Although shocks to the government nonwage consumption generate an appreciation in the real exchange rate and worsening of the trade balance, the effects of government investment shocks remain insignificant. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that shocks to government spending are associated with a rise in taxes, which is indicative of a spending-driven tax adjustment process in Turkey.     

Asset prices, exchange rates and the current account

This paper analyses the role of asset prices in comparison to other factors, in particular exchange rates, as a driver of the US trade balance. It employs a Bayesian structural VAR model that requires imposing only a minimum of economically meaningful sign restrictions. We find that equity market shocks and housing price shocks have been major determinants of the US current account in the past, accounting for up to 30% of the movements of the US trade balance at a horizon of 20 quarters. By contrast, shocks to the real exchange rate have been less relevant, explaining about 9% and exerting a more temporary effect on the US trade balance. Our findings suggest that large exchange rate movements may not necessarily be the key element of an adjustment of today's large current account imbalances, and that in particular relative global asset price changes could be a potent source of adjustment.     

美中贸易收支与人民币汇率关系:实证分析

针对美中贸易收支与人民币汇率问题,经研究发现,汇率变动对贸易收支的影响是值得怀疑的,仅仅依靠人民币汇率变动是无法解决美中贸易逆差问题的。1994—2002年年度数据实证显示,美中贸易收支与人民币汇率(名义或实际汇率)之间没有稳定的关系;1998—2003年月度数据计量表明,美中贸易收支与人民币汇率之间没有长期稳定的协整关系。并且,依据美中两国月度统计数据计量的结论是相一致的。因此,“人民币升值论”或许更多的是基于政治而非经济因素,人民币汇率浮动并不能解决美中贸易逆差问题。     

Sudden stops,sectoral reallocations,and the real exchange rate

A sudden stop of capital flows into a developing country tends to be followed by a rapid switch from trade deficits to surpluses, a depreciation of the real exchange rate, and decreases in output and total factor productivity. Substantial reallocation takes place from the nontraded sector to the traded sector. We construct a multisector growth model, calibrate it to the Mexican economy, and use it to analyze Mexico's 1994–95 crisis. When subjected to a sudden stop, the model accounts for the trade balance reversal and the real exchange rate depreciation, but it cannot account for the decreases in GDP and TFP. Extending the model to include labor frictions and variable capital utilization, we still find that it cannot quantitatively account for the dynamics of output and productivity without losing the ability to account for the movements of other variables.     

Testing J-curve hypothesis and analysing the effect of exchange rate volatility on the balance of trade in India

This study estimates the balance of trade model similar to Rose (1991) to test the J-curve hypothesis and analyse the effect of conditional exchange rate volatility on the balance of trade in India. The model is estimated on quarterly data from 1975:02 to 1996:03 and the exchange rate is measured alternatively in terms of the trade and export weighted real effective exchange rate. The model variables are tied together in a long run equilibrium relationship. The study does not find any evidence for the presence of the J-curve effect in the balance of trade. The study finds the presence of weak ARCH but strong GARCH effects in the exchange rate series. But this exchange rate volatility does not play any significant role in affecting the balance of trade in India.Jel classification: F31, F32, F40, F41I am grateful to Dr. Glenn Otto of the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia for his valuable comments and incisive suggestions which helped to improve the paper substantially. I am also gratefull to an anonymous Referee and Editor, Baldev Raj, of the Journal for giving very useful suggestions. However, I am solely responsible for any error and omission that may remain in the paper. The views expressed in the article are my personal views and not of the institution Iam associated with.First version received: October 2000/Final version received: October 2002     

ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS AND KOREAN TRADE DYNAMICS

Since the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Korean international trade has gone up substantially in both volume and trade balances. The improvement is largely due to an expansion of international markets through various bilateral trade agreements and the structural changes in Korean exchange rates. This article investigates the exchange rate–trade balance dynamics, popularly known as the J‐Curve phenomenon. Employing the bounds‐testing approach to cointegration and error‐correction modeling on Korean bilateral trade for the pre‐ and post‐Asian crisis periods, the study finds that support for the strict version of the J‐Curves has been fading after the crisis. While the weaker version of J‐Curve is generally supported in both pre‐ and post‐crisis sample periods, we also notice patterns such as M, N, or W‐Curves. There exists a long‐run relationship among the Korean exchange rates, domestic income, foreign income, and Korean trading balances. (JEL F14, F32)     

Exchange Rate Instability: A Threshold Autoregressive Approach

We fit a two-regime threshold autoregressive model to a trade weighted index of the Australian real exchange rate. We find strong evidence of a threshold in the real exchange rate, with the data being classified into two regimes. The timing of the first regime is consistent with events that would be expected to have led to pressure on the Australian exchange rate. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the Asian economic crisis led to the real exchange rate entering this regime.     

Industrial structure,competitiveness, and trade

This paper examines the effect of sector-specific growth on real exchange rates, competitiveness, and the trade balance. Growth and accumulation in export- and import-competing industries exert their primary effect on the trade balance, while the direct effect of accumulation in non-tradables is on the real exchange rate. Thus, exchange-rate policies that are incompatible with non-tradables equilibrium are bound to fail. Furthermore, growth policies with strong biases toward tradables are often inferior to more balanced strategies, due to their adverse implications for real-exchange- rate movements and the trade balance.     

Real Effective Exchange Rate Misalignment in the Euro Area: A Counterfactual Analysis

The European debt crisis has revealed severe imbalances within the Euro area, sparking a debate about the magnitude of those imbalances, in particular concerning real effective exchange rate misalignments. We use synthetic matching to construct a counterfactual economy for each member state in order to identify the degree of these misalignments. We find that crisis countries are best described as a combination of advanced and emerging economies. Comparing the actual real effective exchange rate with those of the counterfactuals gives evidence of misalignments before the outbreak of the crisis: all peripheral countries appear strongly and significantly overvalued.     

人民币实际汇率波动对中美贸易收支的影响——基于1990—2009年时间序列分析

基于协整理论、误差修正模型和格兰杰因果检验并根据中国和美国1990-2009年的季度数据,分析人民币实际汇率变动对中美贸易收支的影响.结果表明:影响中美贸易收支的主要因素包括美国的实际GDP、中国的实际GDP和人民币实际汇率,且三者的影响力次第减弱,中美贸易也存在明显的J曲线效应.因此,改善中美贸易失衡应扩大中国内需、调整业口结构和改革人民币汇率制度.     

人民币汇率与股价动态相关性的研究——基于次贷危机前后的比较分析

本文基于2005年8月至2010年6月的月度数据,利用协整检验和向量误差修正模型研究了次贷危机发生前后人民币名义有效汇率与股票价格之间的联动关系。实证结果表明,次贷危机发生前中国股市与汇率之间存在正向的长期均衡关系,且两者之间在长期互为因果关系;在次贷危机发生后两者之间则是反向的长期均衡关系,股价波动在长期内是人民币名义有效汇率变动的单向Granger原因。最后本文基于人民币名义有效汇率的计算方法及其影响因素,利用资产组合平衡模型、国际贸易等相关理论对实证结果进行了分析。     

中美贸易失衡与人民币汇率“操纵”——基于汇率与贸易收支关系的实证研究

基于2002年1月至2011年12月的月度数据,运用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)模型,分别从总体和分行业的角度,探讨人民币兑美元实际汇率、汇率波动率与中美贸易收支之间的关系。研究结果表明,无论长期还是短期,人民币汇率水平和汇率波动率对中美两国之间总体和分行业贸易收支差额均不会产生显著影响。该结论意味着无论长期还是短期,中国政府都无法通过汇率操纵来达到扩大中美贸易收支顺差的目的。     

What Determines Real Exchange Rates? The Nordic Countries

The model derived in this paper yields testable implications concerning the long‐run co‐movements of real exchange rates, relative labor productivity, the trade balance and terms of trade. Countries with relatively higher output growth, trade deficits or improved terms of trade are found to have more appreciated real exchange rates, with the main channel of transmission working through the relative price of nontraded goods. Exogenous terms‐of‐trade shocks are found to be the most important determinant of long‐run movements in the real exchange rate for Denmark and Norway, while demand shocks account for most of the long‐run variance in the real exchange rate for Finland and Sweden.     

Is Devaluation Working? Evidence from India in Phase of Economic Liberalization

Using the data from a developing country like India, we offer an empirical analysis to examine the relationship between devaluation of the Rupee and the real trade balance with her major trading partners since the liberalization process that began in July 1991. Exploiting the recent advances in panel-data time-series econometrics, we document that devaluation may not be effective in improving trade balance in the long run. Success may follow only if the policymakers view devaluation as a short run tool to improve the trade balance. Nominal devaluation is unable to alter real exchange rates substantially and hence, the inflationary impact of devaluation is large in India.

     

汇率预期与贸易收支的实证研究——以我国家用视听类贸易为例

贸易与汇率关系理论难以对人民币升值背景下我国贸易顺差急剧扩大的现象给出令人信服的解释。本文利用凯恩斯主义的国际收支分析思路,结合我国人民币不能完全自由兑换和人民币汇率制度改革的现实,将汇率预期变量引入贸易收支模型,对主要家用视听产品的对外贸易进行实证分析,从一个新的视角研究预期人民币升值对我国贸易收支的影响。     

人民币升值影响中国粮食出口贸易的实证分析

J曲线效应理论是探讨汇率变动影响出口贸易的重要理论之一,主要通过构建计量经济学模型对人民币汇率影响中国粮食出口贸易进行实证研究,结果表明,该理论在人民币汇率影响中国粮食出口贸易方面得到了证实。研究还进一步显示,中国粮食出口与当年人民币的实际有效汇率显著地呈反向相关关系,且与前二年的人民币名义汇率变动的反向相关程度大于当年的实际有效汇率。此外,出口退税率和技术性贸易壁垒对粮食的出口贸易也产生了较大的影响。     

Effects of government spending shocks in China,Japan, and Korea

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the effects of government spending shocks on various key macro variables in China, Korea, and Japan using structural VAR models. The main empirical findings are as follows. Government spending multipliers of all three countries are far larger than 1 in recent years. The effectiveness of fiscal expansion has not changed markedly in China but substantially increased in Korea (after the Asian financial crisis) and Japan (during zero lower bound period). Increases in the effectiveness of fiscal expansion are associated with changes in the monetary and exchange rate policy regimes and institutions of these countries. Among the three countries, the government spending multiplier is relatively large in China but relatively small in Japan in recent years. Although the effects on exchange rate and trade balance vary across countries and sample periods, real exchange rate tends to depreciate, whereas trade balance tends to improve under flexible exchange rate regimes. Some empirical findings are consistent with standard theory, but others are not.

Abbreviations: NK: New Keynesian VAR: Vector Autoregressive ZLB: Zero Lower Bound