浅论《跟单信用证统一惯例》对单证业务处理相关规则的发展与影响——从UCP400到UCP600的比较分析

跟单信用证是国际贸易中最常用的支付方式,也正因为这种国际性,所以有了<跟单信用证统一惯例>的制定和它的几度变迁.在这些修订中,对于单证业务处理规则的更改始终在随着实践的发展而不断革新着,从UCP400到500再到600,银行审理单据在审单时间、审单标准以及不符点的规定上不断进步着.     

合理运用《ISBP》驳斥不合理拒付——关于商业发票上显示折扣、提单格式不妥引发的争议

随着国际贸易背景的日趋复杂和电子商务的快速发展，为了解决由于各国银行从业人员对UCP500的不同理解导致的银行间审单标准不统一，以致信用证结算方式下出现的大量有争议不符点等问题，国际商会在意大利罗马召开的2002秋季年会上通过了ICC第645号出版物《关于审核信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务》(简称“ISBP”)。     

开证行在审核单据时应坚持独立审单原则

关于开证行对出口商提交单据的审核，《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP500）明确规定银行必须合理小心地审核信用证所规定的一切单据，以确定其是否表面与信用证条款相符合。此条关于银行审单标准的规定，实质上是明确了开证行在坚持单证一致原则的同时另外一个需要坚持的原则就是独立审单开证行应依据信用证的规定自主独立地进行判断，以确定所提交的单据是否单证一致，单单一致。     

降低跟单信用证项下不符点率的实务探讨

<正>信用证下单据存在不符点,无疑会影响结算和融资的效率,对当事各方造成负担。在信用证流程中的开证、制单与审单三大环节中,相关当事人应积极采取各项措施避免不符点的发生。信用证结算引入商业银行作为中间人,以银行信用代替商业信用,有效促进了国际贸易的发展,成为国际贸易中重要的结算方式之一。在信用证项下,单证相符是进口商付汇赎单、出口商安全收汇的前提。单据存在不符点,无疑会影响结算和融资的效率,     

对银行处理信用证单据的法律探析

在信用证业务中,银行处理的是单据而不是货物本身,银行处理单据的合法与否事关重大。根据相关国际惯例和各国法律实践,着重分析银行在审单中的独立性原则、银行审单的标准及发现不符单据后的有效拒付问题,以期对银行的实际操作有所借鉴。     

信用证项下银行审单的法律问题分析

银行承付的前提条件是相符交单（Complying presentation）,信用证的争议焦点往往集中在对信用证单据的审查上。因此,单据及其审核对于议付银行、开证银行以及开证申请人而言都是极为重要的事项。对于何为相符交单,曾经有镜像标准、实质相符、严格相符等不同的审单标准。依据这些不同的审单标准,会得出不同的结论,从而影响交单人的利益。UCP600及ISBP确定了＂表面相符、不得矛盾＂的新的审单标准。     

进口信用证业务中开证行的审单要点

根据国际商会制定的《跟单信用证统一惯例》的要求及实践经验，开证行在进口信用证业务的审单工作中必须准确把握审单的原则和范围，熟练掌握审单的方法和程序，应熟悉各种单据中那些地方最容易出现不符点。     

《UCP500》与《UCP600》关于银行审单之比较研究

一、关于审单的相关规定及运用中的主要缺陷 (一)关于审单的主要规定 1994年1月1日起实施的国际商会500号出版物<跟单信用证统一惯例>第3条规定:"信用证与其可能依据的买卖合同或其他合同是相互独立的交易,即使信用证中提及该合同,银行也与该合同完全无关,并不受其约束.对于银行审单的主要内容包括……     

ISBP十大瑕疵

ISBP全称是International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits,即"审核跟单信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务"。相对于UCP600,ISBP更接近审单实务,对银行审单的指导更具体、更准确,有利于减少审单争议的发生。但ISBP难以穷尽银行日常审单过程中遇到的形形色色的问题,以及ISBP与UCP之间也存在着一些表述不准确或相互矛盾的地方,给银行审单人员带来新的问题。本期我们约请信用证专家李永宏谈一下ISBP。     

UCP600框架下对“相符交单”概念的理解与运用探讨

“相符交单（complyingpresentation）”是国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》（UCP600）提出的新概念。本文在解释“相符交单”概念的基础上，分析其产生的原因，结合国际商会《关于审核跟单信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务》（ISBP]，阐述在信用证结算中“相符交单”标准的运用，即“单据满足其功能”标准、“单据无须等同一致，不得矛盾”标准以及对“开证申请人和受益人地址”标准等，目的是从理论和实践角度对“相符交单”进行探讨，以便学术界、国际贸易实践和银行国际结算业务中对“相符交单”标准认识统一．使信用证结算业务能够顺畅运行．     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

金融企业员工考核系统的设计

一、概述 为配合公司人事考核制度的贯彻执行,保证该制度执行过程中各项工作能够长期、高效、准确地完成,我们开发了公司员工考核系统,实现了人事考核工作中员工投票、考核统计、考核信息分析、报表生成等功能,减少了人事部门人员的手工操作,提高了考核工作的自动化程度.