郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布及驱动力分析

［目的］从空间角度分析郑州市乡村旅游资源的分布情况,同时深入探讨其驱动力,全面推动区域乡村旅游的发展以及乡村振兴战略的实施。［方法］以郑州市为例,通过洛伦兹曲线、最邻近指数、地理联系率和基尼系数等定量研究方法分析乡村旅游资源空间分布情况,进而选取24个驱动力指标,通过计算相关性系数对驱动力进行分析。［结果］(1)郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布较为集中,主要集中在惠济区、登封市、二七区等市区;(2)但各市区的乡村旅游资源空间分布存在一定的差异,其中中原区、二七区、金水区、惠济区、管城区、上街区的最邻近指数大于1,乡村旅游资源空间分布呈均匀型,巩义市、新郑市、登封市、新密市、荥阳市、中牟县、经开区、高新区、郑东新区、航空港区的最邻近指数小于1,乡村旅游资源空间分布呈凝聚型;(3)郑州市各区的地理联系率均在94%以上,基尼系数均小于0300,说明郑州市整体上乡村旅游资源空间分布较为均衡。(4)郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布与24个驱动力指标均正向相关,其中乡村特有的景观、距离市中心的距离、乡村旅游基础设施、旅游村的数量、农民人均收入、民宿、停车场数量、道路标识系统的完整性和互联网覆盖率与乡村旅游资源空间分布的相关性显著（P<005）。［结论］乡村旅游空间分布受多个驱动力因素的影响,在不同发展时期有所差异,因此有必要优化调控驱动力系统,促进区域乡村旅游资源空间分布的合理化以及乡村旅游的健康持续发展。     

郑州市休闲农业空间分布及其评价

［目的］为探讨休闲农业空间的分布规律,促进休闲农业布局的优化发展,实现区域休闲农业的健康可持续发展。［方法］文章以郑州市为研究区域,通过空间分布密度和地理联系率分析休闲农业的空间分布,进而通过模糊层次综合分析法对其休闲农业空间适宜性进行评价。［结果］郑州市休闲农业主要集中在惠济区（106个）、登封市（78个）、二七区（67个）,其中惠济区和二七区是近郊集聚地,登封市是远郊集聚地,且中原区（092）、惠济区（051）和二七区（043）的空间分布密度较高,而巩义区（001）和航空港区（002）的空间分布密度较低,同时休闲农业点数分布与客源市场分布之间的地理联系率为685%,整体上郑州市休闲农业点与客源市场之间的均衡和配合程度中等。此外郑州市休闲农业空间分布适宜性的最终综合评价得分为134,说明目前郑州市休闲农业空间分布的适宜性较差,其中区位条件和社会经济对于郑州市休闲农业空间分布适宜性发挥重要作用。［结论］郑州市休闲农业应加强薄弱环节的建设,因地制宜,协调发展区域休闲农业,构建合理的休闲农业空间分布布局。     

河南省耕地生态环境承载力评价研究

［目的］通过选取相关的指标因子,针对耕地生态环境,从压力、状态、响应3个层面构建耕地生态环境承载力评价体系,并从数量、空间分布两方面对评价结果进行分析,以增强评价结果的应用性与针对性。［方法］从压力—状态—响应3个方面选取评价指标,选取14个指标因子,分析河南省不同区域耕地生态环境承载力的影响。［结果］从数量分布方面看,河南省耕地生态环境承载力以一般区为主,占比达到4154%,承载力良好区最少,占比1193%。空间分布上,河南省耕地生态环境承载力表现出明显的地域差异性,呈现出由周围地区向中部地区逐渐减弱的趋势。三门峡市、商丘市等处于耕地生态承载力的第I等级; 郑州市、开封市等处于第Ⅳ等级。［结论］虽然文章针对耕地生态环境承载力研究还处于探索阶段,但结果可为河南省耕地生态环境的管理与监测提供依据,并服务于其资源利用与区域发展方针政策的制定。     

基于均方差法的郑州市土地综合承载力评价

［目的］开展土地综合承载力评价是科学编制国土空间发展战略的基础。通过构建包含水土资源承载力、经济承载力和生态承载力3个维度土地综合承载力评价指标体系,定量刻画郑州市城市土地综合承载力的特征与轨迹。［方法］运用均方差法,选取2010—2016年郑州市城市土地综合承载力评价指标,分析其土地综合承载力特征。［结果］（1）总体上,郑州市城市土地综合承载力不断增强,水土资源承载力呈现先升—降—升的动态演变特征; 经济承载力持续增长,这源于郑州市土地经济效益的大幅提升; 生态承载力呈现波动性增强的演变特征。（2）郑州市城市土地综合承载力经历了较低—中等—较高发展历程,但土地综合承载力处于低层次的较高阶段,仍有较大提升空间。（3）为提高郑州市城市土地综合承载力,应加快“多规合一”规划的编制,科学划定城市增长边界和“三生”空间,转变城市发展理念,优化发展发展路径,提升城市土地综合承载力水平。［结论］郑州市城市土地综合承载力仍有较大提升空间,应加快建立土地综合承载力扩容的有效机制。     

县域资源环境承载力评价研究*——以湖北省团风县为例

［目的］资源环境承载力是区域发展与管理的重要依据。［方法］该研究运用“木桶原理”，构建了基于土地资源、水资源、水环境、大气环境等资源环境子系统的区域环境承载力评价体系，并以湖北省团风县为例进行定量测算。［结果］（1）团风县整体呈“可载”状态，土地资源是团风县资源环境承载力的最大限制性因素。各子系统承载力呈大气环境承载力>水环境承载力>水资源承载力>土地资源承载力的规律。土地资源承载力最低为6773万人，大气环境承载力最高为87168万人。局部地区（马曹庙镇、贾庙乡）呈大气环境承载力>水环境承载力>土地资源承载力>水资源承载力的格局； （2）在承载力绝对量上，团风镇等西南部地区承载力高于其他地区，从地均承载力来看，上巴河镇最高，贾庙乡最低； 从承载力指数来看，各镇（乡）承载力指数介于148~235，杜皮乡、贾庙乡最高，团风镇最低，尽管团风镇承载力最大但其“剩余空间”也最有限。［结论］所构建的县域资源环境承载力评价方法可为当前空间规划、主体功能区划等战略实施提供有效借鉴，评价结果对区域远期发展具有重要的指导意义。     

湘西山地生态旅游资源空间结构特征研究

［目的］湘西属于我国14个集中连片特困地区之一的武陵山片区,同时生态旅游资源又极为丰富,是国内山地生态旅游的热点地区,为实现生态旅游健康发展,亟需对其资源的空间特征进行研究,以便为湘西山地生态旅游的发展定位、竞合策略提供科学指导。［方法］运用最邻近距离、基尼系数、核密度分析,对生态旅游资源的空间类型、空间密度、空间均衡性行定量分析,最后结合市场区域分析,通过层次分析法,对生态旅游资源的质量进行评价。［结果］（1）湘西156个生态旅游资源的最邻近指数为079,并通过泰森多边形进行互相印证,其Cv值为84%; （2）30个县（市、区）的基尼系数为096,表示资源空间分布具有等级、类型和密度的不均衡性; （3）湘西北部的市场区位优势度最高,南部次之,中部最低,呈“瓶颈型”; （4）五级旅游资源集中在湘西南北两端,中部主要为三、四级旅游资源,二级旅游资源较少。［结论］湘西山地生态旅游资源的空间属性为空间聚集类型,但是分布不均,空间密度多聚集在湘西地区南北两端,且多集中于各县市的中心所在地,北部资源质量和市场区位优势都明显高于其他区域,据此提出北、中、南3个区域不同的发展定位,以及“一个龙头、两个中心、三个板块”的空间竞合策略。     

湖南省休闲农庄空间分布研究

［目的］通过分析湖南省星级休闲农庄的空间分布特征，探究其分布规律，以期为区域规划与休闲农业发展提供借鉴与参考。［方法］以湖南省内971个评定的星级农庄为样本，运用最近邻指数、地理集中指数、洛伦茨曲线、基尼系数及核密度估算等方法进行空间分布类型及均衡程度测度； 运用缓冲区与叠加分析，进行农庄相对于主要客源市场的空间分布测度。［结果］（1）湖南省星级休闲农庄空间分布整体呈现出“东密西疏，区域集聚”特征； （2）整体空间分布类型为集聚型，市州区域分布较不均衡，具有围绕市州中心城市集聚分布的特征； （3）形成了长株潭地区和湘南郴州地区2个高密度热点区，与湘南衡阳地区、湘中娄底地区2个次热点区； （4）星级农庄主要分布在距市州中心城市90km范围内。［结论］湖南省休闲农业星级农庄发展已经达到了集聚程度，但发展较不均衡，表明湖南省的休闲农业发展水平东部明显高于西部，根据该研究结果可将湖南省休闲农业划分为长株潭、湘南、湘中南、湘北、湘西5个休闲农业发展区域。     

河南省现代农业示范区空间布局及优化

[目的]现代农业示范区的合理空间布局对有效发挥示范区的辐射带动作用及生产布局的"落地生根"至关重要。对河南省现代农业示范园区空间布局进行分析,把握其存在的问题并提出优化建议,以期为发挥示范区辐射带动作用,推进河南省现代农业发展提供借鉴。[方法]以河南省166个现代农业示范区为研究对象,采用GIS10.1对现代农业示范区空间分布及行政区划分布进行可视化表达;采用最邻近点指数对河南省现代农业示范区的空间凝聚特征进行分析,采用地理集中指数及基尼系数对其空间分布集中度进行分析,利用核密度估计法对其空间形态特征进行可视化表达。[结果](1)河南省现代农业示范区在省域范围内呈集聚分布;在市域范围内分布不均衡,主要以集聚型分布为主。(2)河南省现代农业示范园区呈较集中分布,但集中分布程度很低。(3)示范区空间布局模式总体上呈"一核、五带"型,均集中在河南省北部。(4)示范区分布密度呈现"北高南低、东高西低"的空间分布格局,西部三门峡、洛阳市中心以南、平顶山市中心以西、南阳市中心以北区域是河南省现代农业示范区空间格局分布最薄弱区域。[结论]河南省现代农业示范区空间布局现状对发挥其对全省范围农业的示范带动作用并不明显,若不进行优化将会产生极化效应。"三核、多带,区域间平衡布局"是河南省现代农业园区空间优化布局。     

基于GIS与AHP法的河南省经济格局时空分异研究

［目的］研究区域经济格局对揭示经济发展空间演变机制和实现区域可持续发展具有重要的意义。文章以粮食生产核心区——河南省为例,通过定量刻画其济格局时空分异特征,明确河南省经济格局的发展态势和演化特征,为河南省经济发展提供参考。［方法］文章采用GIS空间分析和AHP方法,通过建立经济评价指标体系,基于2010—2015年河南省的统计年鉴数据评价其经济格局分异特征。［结果］（1）总体上,河南省国民生产总值持续增长,经济发展持续向好,但经济增速逐年放缓。（2）河南省经济空间格局先后经历了“八”字形、“一”字形演变特征,并逐步形成以郑州为中心的“十”字形经济空间格局。（3）全省中高经济发展水平城市数量增多,各地市经济发展的差异逐步缩小。［结论］河南省经济内部差异呈下降趋势,全域经济带动效益开始显现,应强化城市辐射效应,并加强对更小尺度经济格局演变的研究。     

河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力测度

［目的］随着乡村旅游的快速发展,旅游环境受到的压力逐渐加大,河南省是我国农业大省,也是乡村旅游发展较早的省份,测度乡村旅游资源环境承载力对河南省发展乡村旅游具有重要的指导意义。［方法］文章通过构建乡村旅游资源环境承载力评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,构建旅游资源环境承载力指数模型对河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力进行分析评价。［结果］(1)利用层次分析法得到的指标权重结果表明自然资源承载力权重值最高,为0424 9,乡村旅游基础设施承载力权重值最低,为0249 5。(2)旅游环境承载力指数表明2011—2016年河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力为轻度超载,整体上处于协调状态。(3)从3个层面来看,自然资源的利用程度较高,为轻度超载; 社会经济发展承载力处于报警状态,人口增长对社会经济增长带来的影响较明显; 基础实施承载力为轻度超载,应加强基础实施的建设。［结论］目前,河南省乡村旅游发展基本处于可持续发展状态。根据研究结果提出针对性的建议,应加强乡村基础设施的建设,适当控制人口增长以减小对环境造成的压力,优化乡村旅游产业结构,促进自然资源、社会经济和基础设施的协调,保证河南省乡村旅游的可持续发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.