苏州高新区征地补偿安置政策绩效评价

研究目的:评价苏州高新区征地补偿安置政策的绩效.研究方法:多因素综合评价法和实证分析法.研究结果:(1)征地补偿安置政策绩效从征地补偿安置和保障状况、被征地农民生活状况、政策社会影响效果三方面来反映,可分9个目标和13个评价指标;(2)苏州高新区征地补偿安置政策基本达到目标,征地补偿水平和社会保障状况良好,被征地农民生活状况较好,政策的社会影响效果一般.研究结论:建议改革征地补偿包干办法,逐步推行"征地区片综合价";扩大被征地农民养老保险覆盖面,全面与城镇职工养老保险体系接轨;加强安置工作的监管,构建绩效评价制度.     

土地征收救济:绩效分析与机制完善——基于江苏省的实证研究

本研究重点考察了农民对现行土地征收救济措施的评价及对土地征收救济制度的实际需要。研究结果表明:现有土地征收救济制度的运行绩效不好,农民对此满意度不高。为保障农民权益、消除或避免征地纠纷,土地征收救济制度应针对现行救济措施的缺陷,在考虑与尊重农民利益诉求的基础上完善。具体的完善机制是:加强行政复议和司法救济的独立性;构建解决征地纠纷的专门且相对独立的裁判机构:降低农民的救济成本;为农民提供法律援助。     

浅析土地征收合法性认定程序的设计路径

<正>党的十八届三中全会明确提出"缩小征地范围,规范征地程序,完善对被征地农民合理、规范、多元保障机制"。改革征地制度,制定一部适合当前征地工作需要农民集体所有土地征收补偿安置条例,已成为当前土地管理制度改革的重中之重。笔者从规范和简化征地程序的角度,对土地征收合法性认定程序的设计路径,谈谈自己的看法。     

农村土地制度改革视角下征地补偿政策农民满意度测定

立足自身实际,创造征地改革经验,和林格尔县作为全国33个农村土地征收制度改革试点,征地改革政策的实施效果测定具有重要作用。研究通过设计问卷,以呼和浩特新机场征地项目为例,从农民满意度角度探索征地补偿政策的实施效果及其影响因素。研究结论:呼和浩特新机场征地项目中被征地农户对政府现行征地补偿政策相对满意;征地政策保证被征地农民的知情权,以及当地政府及时颁布与实施相关征地政策的行政行为,有效提高被征地农民满意度。     

从三层博弈关系看土地征收制度改革--基于某大学城征地案例的分析

研究目的分析地方政府和被征地农民、地方政府之间以及地方政府和上级政府间在土地征收上的三层博弈关系,探讨土地征收博弈过程中农民、地方政府、上级政府间的利益关系及由此产生的行为选择以及几者能否取得多赢的可能性,为中国土地征收制度改革方向选择提供理论依据.研究方法文献资料法、图示法和演绎法.研究结果中国现行土地征收制度存在诸多弊端,使博弈主体在各自行为上非理性选择.研究结论中国土地征收制度改革应该使得地方政府违法征地得到的好处变少;地方政府依法征地得到的好处变大;违法征地引起冲突的惩罚成本于地方政府变大,于农民变少;合法征地因被征地农民抵制引发强制执行的成本于政府变少,于农民变大.     

和林格尔县土地征收制度改革试点模式研究

依据土地流转方式, 和林格尔县土地征收制度改革的14个试点项目可以归纳为公益性征收模式、非公益性流转模式、组合性流转模式。土地征收制度改革主要内容包括调整征收范围、完善征收程序、保障合法权益。结论:和林格尔县在缩小土地征收范围、合理确定补偿标准、探索土地供应标准、保障被征地农民权益、土地增值收益分配、确保各方土地增值收益分享权等方面有创新实践意义。     

农民权益保障视角下的土地征用程序研究*——以河北省5个建设项目为例

[目的]以河北省奥运村核心区、京张高铁、大唐电厂、京蔚高速、延崇高速5个建设项目为研究对象,分析我国现行征地程序制度在实际实施中存在的问题,并提出有针对性的政策建议,为我国征地程序的完善和征地工作的开展提供参考。[方法]通过问卷调查和访谈了解农民对于征地的认知,从自由的事先知情的同意(FPIC)原则的4个方面对征地程序制度及实施情况进行对比分析。[结果](1)我国的土地征用程序不能完全符合FPIC原则,(2)征地程序实施的偏差使农民权益受损,(3)征地中的非正式治理方式激化征地矛盾,(4)政府和农民的对立关系破坏平等协商机制,(5)政府对不同规模征地项目的实施行为存在明显差异。[结论]保障农民权益和减少用地矛盾需要从FPIC层面完善征地程序,增强在实施中的程序公开和透明,并打破政府和农民之间的对话壁垒,实现协商的"全过程性"和"灵活性"。     

解析征地制度改革的主流思路

本文基于“尊重农民的土地物权”优先于“让利于农民”的价值取向选择,对征地制度改革的主流思路进行了解析和批评。中国现行征地制度基本架构的最大缺陷是它没有与城乡土地产权制度改革和建设的成果相衔接,学界的主流思路没能切中这一要害。未来征地制度改革政策设计的着眼点将实现从“让利于农民”到“尊重农民的土地物权”的转变,改革重点也将从“提高补偿安置水平”转换到“区分征收和征用”上来。由于集体土地所有权在内部构造上是一种准公共权力,中国的征地制度改革设计不能照搬国外的公益性目的说。以集体土地所有权为标的的土地征收是一种拟制的征收,以土地用益物权为标的的土地征用反而不逊于实质的典型征收。     

基于习俗和共同知识、心理所有权的征地制度变革意愿分析

基于习俗和共同知识、心理所有权的角度,采用Probit模型,分析影响农户征地制度变革意愿的影响因素。结果发现:征收矛盾处理制度、土地征收习惯、土地所有权习俗、土地心理所有权、土地决策权制度、征收补偿制度、政府处理征地纠纷是影响农民征地制度变革意愿的关键因素。研究结论:以“征收矛盾处理制度、土地征收习惯、土地所有权习俗、土地心理所有权、土地决策权制度、征收补偿制度、政府处理征地纠纷”六方面为切入点,改善我国的征地制度,缓和农民在征地变革过程中的消极、抵抗心理,实现我国征地的平稳过度。     

确立主体地位与被征地农民多元保障机制完善路径思考

[目的]研究集体土地所有权行使主体的明确与完善被征地农民多元保障机制的路径。[方法]运用文献梳理法,分析农村集体土地所有权行使主体模糊引发"群体性事件"的现状,揭示其在建立健全集体土地的所有权消极权能实现、权能夯实、管理权限行使与集体成员受益权能保护等农民多元保障机制方面产生的负面影响;运用逻辑归纳法,提出"集体土地所有权行使主体明确是多元保障机制完善的灵魂"。[结果]破解"有意制度模糊"必须从实体和程序制度上明确集体土地所有权行使主体,才能有效保证被征地农民的多元利益。[结论]当前改革已进入攻坚期与深水区,农村集体土地所有权行使主体模糊引发的"冲突和社会动乱"等负性外部效应也日益凸显,完善被征地农民的多元保障机制(即以集体土地所有权行使主体确立为灵魂,以使用权入市、征用征收公平补偿、增值公平分配、财产性合法收入保障、社会保障为现实路径)应加快提上议事日程。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.