黔东南山地生态农业发展评价及预测研究

[目的]对2012~2016年黔东南州山地生态农业发展做出评价,并预测其2018~2027年的发展情况,以期了解黔东南地区农业可持续发展能力及未来趋势的变化规律。[方法]以黔东南及贵州《2013~2017年统计年鉴》为数据来源,通过构建评价指标体系,利用层次分析法及加权评分法对2012~2016年山地生态农业发展做出评价;并运用灰色模型,借助Matlab工具,对黔东南山地生态农业发展做出预测。[结果]2010~2016年黔东南州山地生态农业的经济、生态、社会效益处于发展上升阶段,协调度良好,但生态效益发展最低,其中2015年经济、社会、生态系统可持续发展良好,但由于持续保护,2016年出现生态保护过度,经济和综合效益下降现象,因此发展模式有待于向发展经济和社会效益方面倾斜;黔东南州山地生态农业在2018~2027年将会处于发展上升阶段,但其发展缓慢,仍存在一定限制因素。[结论]政府应积极调整农业产业结构,转变农业发展思路,可将部分生态农业与旅游相结合,发挥区位特色的同时,提升品牌的知名度。加大力度引导农业园区和重点产业的发展,推进农业农村改革试点的运行,加大新型农人的培育,促进高效、现代、特色生态农业的发展。     

破解生态农业大发展难题的新思考

生态农业是一项新兴的"朝阳产业",它强调经济效益、生态效益、社会效益的综合协同提高,是我国农业发展的主要方向和新的经济增长点之一。如何破解我国生态农业大发展的难题,使我国农业发展成功实现从传统农业向生态农业转型,是关系生态效益、社会效益与经济效益的关键,也是实现十八大提出的生态文明建设宏伟目标的必然要求。     

天津市美丽乡村建设模式及效益评价体系构建

［目的］“美丽乡村”建设是全面推进现代化农业发展,加强生态文明建设的重要举措。归纳天津市“美丽乡村”建设模式,构建效益评价体系,并对乡村建设效益进行评价,以期为实现该市乡村建设奋斗目标提供理论参考。［方法］通过调研天津市乡村发展现状,在归纳总结该市乡村建设模式的基础上,采用层次分析法和综合加权法,从社会、经济和生态效益3个层面构建了美丽乡村建设效益评价体系,并对“美丽乡村”建设项目实施前和2016年的建设效益进行评价。［结果］（1）天津市乡村建设模式可分为4种类型,分别为休闲旅游、文化传承、高效农业和环境整治型,涌现出了一批各具特色的典型村落,发展较为迅速。（2）从启动美丽乡村建设项目止2016年,该市乡村建设取得了明显的生态、社会和经济效益,评价分值相比项目实施前分别提高了6513%、4167%和3621%,综合效益评分提高了50%。［结论］天津市美丽乡村建设取得了较好的成效,其他村庄在建设过程中,可参考已建设成型的典范,因地制宜,选择适合规划的发展模式。已建设成型的村庄发展空间还很大,仍需不断缩短城乡差距,推动美丽乡村的可持续健康发展。     

鄂尔多斯市农地资源调查及效益评价

[目的]文章分析了2007—2016年10年来鄂尔多斯市农地数量变化情况,同时从经济、社会、生态3个维度入手,对此期间内鄂尔多斯市农地资源利用效益进行测度。[方法]建立鄂尔多斯市农地利用效益指标体系,采用极差法、熵值法确定指标权重,进而对经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及综合效益进行测算。[结果]鄂尔多斯市农地主要包括耕地、园地、林地和牧草地4种类型,占比分别为2.97%、16.23%、43.81%和31.86%;2007—2016年鄂尔多斯市农地数量逐年上升,以园地增长面积最大,耕地增长面积最小,形成以草地、园地为主,林地、耕地为辅的分布特征;10年来鄂尔多斯市经济效益、社会效益、生态效益呈上升趋势,经济效益、社会效益上升幅度大于生态效益,且经济效益、社会效益优于生态效益;除社会效益外,鄂尔多斯市农地利用综合效益、经济效益、生态效益于2012年皆处于"低谷期",但综合效益整体处于上升态势,4种效益上升斜率逐渐趋于一致,农地利用效益步入稳定上升阶段。[结论]鄂尔多斯市农地利用效率逐渐趋于协调稳定上升状态。     

基于乡村振兴的河南省农业生态综合评价研究

［目的］农业是国民经济的基础产业,探究农业生态发展现状,有利于制定针对性的农业发展规划,也将有利于推进乡村振兴战略的实施。［方法］基于2000—2016年的统计数据,采用DEA SBM模型、熵值法和耦合协调度模型,从农业生态效率、经济条件、资源条件、环境条件4个方面分析河南省农业生态综合发展水平,探究农业生态效率与经济条件、资源条件和环境条件之间的耦合发展关系。［结果］2000—2016年河南省农业生态综合评价分值呈现明显的上升趋势,该阶段农业生态化水平发展态势良好。这个阶段内农业生态效率指数均高于全国农业生态效率指数,对全国农业的生态化发展贡献较大。经济条件评价分值在逐年提高,对农业生态化发展的贡献在不断提升。2000—2016年农业生态效率与经济条件、资源条件和环境条件三者之间的耦合协调度均整体呈递增趋势,耦合发展关系表现良好。［结论］尽管河南省农业生态化水平呈现良好的发展态势,但提升的空间还很大,仍需不断优化资源配置,促进农业生态效率与经济、资源和环境条件向更高耦合阶段发展。     

“虾稻连作”农业生态系统综合评价——以潜江市为例

基于潜江市2004-2009年水产业数据,系统分析了该市虾稻连作生态农业的发展情况,建立评价指标体系,对其经济效益、生态效益及综合效益进行了定性与定量相结合的分析评价,特别关注了2008年虾壳衍生物深加工产业链建成及潜江龙虾节开办后,该农业生态系统发展的重心偏移,产业链的完善以及综合效益的变化,并运用灰色关联模型,对虾稻连作农业生产模式进行产值预估。     

基于乡村振兴的河北省农业资源可持续利用评价

［目的］对农业资源可持续利用水平展开评价,为区域农业发展相关政策的制定提供理论参考,将有利于不断推进乡村振兴战略的实施。［方法］从经济可持续性、社会可接受性和生态可持续性3个方面构建了河北省农业资源可持续利用评价体系,采用熵权法和加权综合法测算了2007—2016年全省及11个地级市农业资源可持续利用水平,并探究了经济可持续性、社会可接受性和生态可持续性之间的协调度。在此基础上,采用DEA模型中的CCR模型和BCC模型探讨了全省农业资源利用的综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率。［结果］（1）2007—2016年河北省农业资源可持续利用评价综合评价分值呈平稳增长趋势,由2007年的0315提高到2016年的0498。2007—2012年,农业资源利用的经济可持续性、社会可接受性和生态可持续性发展之间的协调度呈现递增趋势,由0760提高到0935。2012—2016年,协调度呈现递减趋势,由0909降低到0838。（2）2007—2016年河北省各市农业资源可持续利用的综合评价分值整体呈递增趋势,但地区间存在差异。整体看来,唐山市的评价分值明显高于其他各地市,其次为廊坊市和石家庄市,邢台市的综合评价分值较低。（3）2007—2016年,河北省农业资源利用的综合效率和规模效率变化趋势表现出高度的一致性。2007—2012年,综合效率小于095,处于较低的水平。2013—2016年,综合效率大于095,处于较高的水平。大部分年份存在农业机械总动力、农业从业人员、农用地面积和化肥施用量投入过多,农村人均可支配收入产出不足的现象。［结论］河北省农业资源可持续利用水平虽呈现良好的发展态势,但今后更应注重经济、社会和生态之间的协调性,推动农业资源利用的可持续性向更高水平发展。农业资源可持续利用综合效率的提升主要是依靠生产规模的优化配置,技术创新发挥的作用较小,农业生产要素的投入亟待进一步优化配置。     

生态农业的经济评价探讨

近年来,我国蓬勃兴起发展生态农业的热潮,追求生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的高度统一正是发展生态农业的总目标。为了这个目标发展农业生产,就要加强生态、经济、技术、工程、政策等措施的综合开发,对生态农业系统进行科学的农业生态经济评价,为进一步提高系统整体功能和综合效益进行高效调控提供科学决策依据。本文就生态农业系统评价的类型与辩证程序、系统评价的原则和指标体系作进一步的探讨。     

生态城市土地利用评价体系构建及其应用研究——以江苏省扬州市为例

文章通过分析发达国家和地区城镇化不同发展阶段经济发展、土地利用、生态环境三者之间的相互关系,阐述了生态城市土地利用的特征,综合考虑土地利用的自然条件、经济效益、社会效益和生态效益等多个方面因素,构建了生态城市土地利用评价指标体系。根据长三角地区的扬州市建设生态城市的需要,对其2000—2018年的土地利用综合效益进行分析评价,在此基础上提出了城镇化后期土地利用与保护的政策建议。     

淄博市新型城镇化与农业现代化耦合度研究

［目的］新型城镇和农业现代化作为四化同步发展的重要组成部分,研究两者间的耦合度有利于区域甚至全国城乡经济社会一体化的发展。［方法］以淄博市为例,采用数据包络分析法对新型城镇化和农业现代化间的耦合度进行实证分析。［结果］2008—2017年淄博市新型城镇化和农业现代化协调发展的程度逐年增加,但一直处于次优水平,其中2008—2017年农业现代化推动新型城镇化的程度逐年增加,处于次优水平, 2008—2017年新型城镇化带动农业现代化的程度也逐年增加,同时2008—2015年处于次优水平2016—2017年处于最优水平; 同时2017年淄博市各区县新型城镇化和农业现代化协调度均处于次优水平,且新型城镇化带动农业现代化的程度相对于农业现代化推动新型城镇化的程度低,其中博山区、桓台县、高清县和沂源县的农业现代化推动新型城镇化的程度处于最优水平,其他区县处于次优水平,张店区的新型城镇化带动农业现代化的程度处于最优水平,其他区县处于次优水平。［结论］实现淄博市新型城镇化和农业现代化的均衡协调发展,必须加大农业现代化推动新型城镇化的程度,以核心区域辐射周边区县,进而促进两者的协调发展。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目