低碳旅游:促进生态文明建设与节能减排的可持续旅游形式

正近20多年来,可持续旅游已成为各国政府与国际组织极力支持和推崇的旅游发展理念和行动。随着绿色经济、生态经济与低碳经济等可持续经济发展形式的相继出现,绿色旅游、生态旅游与低碳旅游也陆续成为发展可持续旅游的重要形式。发展低碳旅游是旅游业应对全球气候变化与能源安全、生态文明建设与产业节能减排的战略选择,它以可持续发展与低碳发展理念为指导,采用低碳技术与材料,合理利用资源,实现旅游业的节能减排与社会、生态、经济综合效益最大化的可持续旅游形式。一、低碳旅游是促进生态文明建设的可持续旅     

河南生态旅游发展的现状和对策

生态旅游已经成为旅游业可持续发展的必然选择。生态旅游大众化的潮流已经悄悄地向我们走来。河南省的生态旅游在中国生态旅游大发展的背景下取得很大成就。同时也出现了环境的污染和生态环境的破坏等问题。本文首先以生态旅游的概念为切入点阐述了生态旅游的概念演变和真正内涵,然后分析了河南省生态旅游的资源优势已经当前发展现状,并以云台山的景区为例阐述了生态景区的资源概况及解说系统中具体存在的若干问题,最后提出了构建生态旅游发展的可操作行的相关对策。     

生态旅游区旅游效益评价研究

在界定生态旅游、生态旅游区、旅游效益评价等相关概念的基础上,分析生态旅游区旅游效益评价现状,初步尝试构建了生态旅游区旅游综合效益评价指标体系。该评价体系分为主体和修正两部分,经济效益、社会效益和生态效益子系统是主体部分,基础参照系统为修正部分,其作用是对主体部分评价总值进行修正,保证研究的科学性。在每个子系统的指标选取方面,针对生态旅游的特性和功能,分别从生态旅游景区、生态旅游地社区和旅游者三个角度出发,选取与生态旅游区密切相关的评价指标,并参考国际、国内固有标准和国内、地区的旅游发展实际对各指标予以赋值。     

国内生态旅游者的生态意识调查研究--以香格里拉碧塔海生态旅游景区为例

生态旅游者与大众旅游者最大的区别在于生态旅游者具有一定的生态意识。本文以严格的和一般的生态旅游者系统理论为基础，对碧塔海生态旅游景区的国内生态旅游者的生态意识进行了调查研究，并总结了碧塔海生态旅游者的特点和培养对策。     

国家公园生态旅游的本土化路径研究

中国生态旅游资源丰富,生态旅游发展潜力巨大,但实践的泛化造成生态旅游发展陷入困境,生态旅游形象受损。如何利用国家公园建设契机塑造有影响力的生态旅游品牌,是一个亟待研究的课题。在梳理中外生态旅游实践的基础上,本文认为,基于文化观念、生态资源与实践环境等差异,中国国家公园开展生态旅游需立足国情,建议重点从5个方面探索本土化路径：一是明确开展生态旅游的现实目标是生态资源的安全,价值目标是人与自然和谐相处;二是明晰生态旅游的内涵与外延,以此严格界定生态旅游实践内容与形式;三是重点从良性互动的社区参与和科学的自然解说系统两个方面,加强生态旅游科学实践,重塑生态旅游形象;四是利用研学旅行和自然教育等生态产品消费契机,提升公众生态文明素养;五是加强生态旅游制度建设,推动国家公园成为生态旅游和生态文明建设的示范基地。     

生态旅游内涵再论－－兼与郭舒先生商榷

生态旅游在世界范围内发展迅速，对生态旅游的概念内涵如何理解存在不同观点。文章阐述了生态旅游的产生背景，对生态旅游的主体行为进行了分析后，综合性地给出了生态旅游的内涵，同时，简要地分析了生态旅游资源、生态旅游产品和生态旅游的分类。     

新常态下生态旅游可持续发展——基于深圳大鹏新区发展全域生态旅游的可行性分析

全域生态旅游是指将一个行政区当作一个旅游景区,始终贯穿于经济建设和社会发展中的生态旅游发展观念,是生态旅游产业的全覆盖,同时又是资源优化、产业升级、各部门齐抓共管,全体居民共同参与的重要产业。深圳大鹏新区从2011年12月新区成立后调整经济结构和转变发展方式,以"三岛一区"的战略布局统揽全局。而从生态角度发展全域生态旅游则是大鹏新区新常态下科学发展经济转型的可持续发展新模式。     

乡村振兴背景下湖南蓝山生态旅游产业发展路径探析

乡村振兴背景下，积极促进农村产业转型，是发展农村经济、改善农村环境和增加农民收入的重要路径，而发展乡村旅游则是实现这一路径的重要方式。文章以湖南省永州市蓝山县为例，阐述了发展生态旅游对乡村振兴的积极意义，采用SWOT分析法探究了蓝山县发展生态旅游的优劣势，并有针对性地提出了蓝山县生态旅游发展路径，以更大程度地发掘乡村旅游的经济价值、社会价值、文化价值和生态价值，实现农村新产业发展、生态和谐、农民增收的目标。     

生态旅游的基础性研究

世界范围的生态旅游活动在经历了近30年的发展后，即将进入一个辉煌阶段。中国生态旅游业的发展在近10年来也十分迅速，但对比世界上其他国家的成功范例，还存在一些问题。解决这些问题最根本的方法就是加强基础性工作。必须科学地集训生态旅游，推进生态旅游的法制管理和总体规划，建立一整套的组织保障体系。在开展生态旅游活动时，应持认真谨慎的态度，既不可操之过急，亦不能自由放任，要有节奏地、阶段式地推进，以保证此项活动健康地发展。     

浅谈生态旅游服务管理现状与对策

中国地大物博,旅游资源丰富,名胜古迹众多,山川风景秀丽,适合发展旅游业。旅游业现已成为第三产业支柱产业,年产值突破4千亿。但随着各类旅游资源的不断开发,引起的生态破坏问题日益突出,发展生态旅游成为行业主旋律。然而,很多景区在生态旅游发展中存在问题,服务管理现状并不理想,生态意识缺失,管理手段落后,严重影响了旅游体验,不利于生态旅游的持续发展。因此,有必要采取相应措施,改善生态旅游服务现状,推动生态旅游的发展。本文将针对生态旅游服务管理现状与对策展开探讨和分析。     

The community participation process in ecotourism development: a case study of the community of Sogoog,Bayan-Ulgii,Mongolia

Theories on community participation in ecotourism development advocate obtaining maximum levels of both community control and benefit to achieve sustainable tourism. This paper explores issues in community-based ecotourism development in a small, remote community in western Mongolia. It assesses the community's desire to develop ecotourism, their understanding of the issues involved and the feasibility of the process in a poor herding community, where 63% are herdsmen, frequently absent with their herds. Using responses from 100 participants together with interviews with key stakeholders, it describes and analyzes the difficulties in establishing community participation and ecotourism implementation. Findings revealed that long-term viable community-based ecotourism development in remote areas requires close collaboration and sustained support from trusted community leaders and from knowledgeable and committed outside stakeholders. Approaches need to be carefully tailored to local circumstances, not “one size fits all”. Key areas of concern were environmental and cultural, including fears that their tradition of hospitality might be compromised, perceptions of the local NGO's benefits to the community and local, often naïve, expectations of ecotourism development. Despite fears, over 90% of those interviewed were willing to participate in an ecotourism project in this high-risk, unforgiving economic and climatic setting.     

Ecotourism in Bhutan: Extending its Benefits to Rural Communities

This paper analyzes the present state of tourism in Bhutan and considers the prospects for the development of ecotourism. Empirical surveys of tour operators and foreign tourists indicate that visitors interested in the natural beauty of the Himalayan kingdom stay longer than those who come to experience its culture. By attracting younger tourists, ecotourism could contribute to the goals of Gross National Happiness. The majority of tourists and tour operators are in favor of ecotourism activities that might benefit local rural communities. The prerequisite for a substantial promotion of ecotourism would be changes in the Bhutanese tourism policy to encourage the diversification of tourism products.     

Tourism on organic farms in South Korea: a new form of ecotourism≟

This exploratory research examines the potential of organic farms in South Korea to enable a distinct form of environmentally sustainable tourism. Case studies involving in-depth interviews with three organic farms and content analysis of the websites of 38 organic farms offering tourism-related activities were conducted. An analytical framework using key ecotourism principles was developed to guide an evaluation of activities and practices on the farms. Organic farmers in the study were concerned about ecological conditions on their land, possessed close ties to that land, and employed related knowledge to help preserve natural habitat and minimize adverse environmental impacts. Social–cultural gains were evident, for both visitors and local inhabitants. It is argued that this type of tourism on organic farms may be a potentially new form of ecotourism (eco-organic farm tourism). The study suggests that ecotourism principles may be usefully applied as a guiding sustainability paradigm for small scale, organic farms engaging in tourism. This new tourism type can be employed as a strategy for facilitating sustainable agriculture, local development, social–cultural and environmental conservation, wellbeing, and learning. Further research needs to be carried out both in Korea and elsewhere to develop this eco-organic farm tourism concept.     

Challenging the principles of ecotourism: insights from entrepreneurs on environmental and economic sustainability in Langkawi,Malaysia

Ecotourism is a normative concept defined and driven by generalized principles concerning local livelihoods and conservation of natural and cultural environments. Supply-side studies considering the applicability of these principles in practice are limited. In particular, an understanding of how entrepreneurialism shapes ecotourism is largely absent from the literature. We investigate the intersection of entrepreneurialism, ecotourism, and governance using a case study of actors at the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park (KKGP) in Langkawi, Malaysia, which has seen a rapid rise in entrepreneurial “ecotourism” activities. However, levels of competition between actors, their perceptions of ecotourism, and the challenges and tensions they face are unknown. To address this, a “hierarchy of entrepreneurship” is presented, grouping actors into three tiers: governing institutions, tour companies, and independent entrepreneurs, from whom qualitative data are elicited. Opinions and contestations between and among tiers are elucidated around themes including how understandings of ecotourism influence entrepreneurial strategies, and how challenges and tensions may inhibit the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of ecotourism at KKGP. The study demonstrates that the normative dogma guiding how ecotourism should be practised must be balanced against the diverse understandings, motivations, and capacities of ecotourism entrepreneurs on the ground and the effectiveness of governance systems.     

Applying the resilience principles for sustainable ecotourism development: A case study of the Nakdong Estuary,South Korea

When studying sustainable ecotourism, the ecotourism system can be better understood as a complex association of various elements that affects the local society and wildlife habitats. The purpose of this study is to plan an ecotourism system for the wise ecotourism resource management of estuary wetlands by using a resilience principle-based systems thinking approach. This study suggests an integrated management plan that considers diversity, connectivity, learning, participation, and polycentric governance to solve universal and important issues, such as estuary dam removal, urbanization, and natural resource use in the estuary's social-ecological system. The ecotourism system plans suggested in this study include minimizing ecological conflict and load through an improved sense of responsibility among stakeholders and strengthened protective activities. The results of this study suggest appropriate roles for various stakeholders in the management of tourism resources that can be used to establish new guidelines for ecotourism destination planning.     

Residents’ perspectives of a newly developed ecotourism project: an assessment of effectiveness through the lens of an importance–performance analysis

Understanding the perceived importance and performance of various components of ecotourism to residents living in the area it is undertaken is crucial to the overall success of an ecotourism development project. This study examines residents’ perceptions of the importance and performance of ecotourism components (i.e. environmental conservation, economic wellbeing, promotion of local arts and culture, local participation, and fair share of resources), including overall ecotourism development, at the Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA) – a recently implemented ecotourism development project in Nepal. This study also examines the effect of socio-demographic, economic, and psychological factors on a perceived gap between the importance and the performance of ecotourism components. Findings suggest that the ecotourism development project at the GCA should concentrate on improving the economic wellbeing of residents, and on overall ecotourism development. Findings also suggest that residents’ inclusion in benefit-sharing mechanisms was associated with a reduced perceived gap between the importance and performance of ecotourism components. A comparison among different geographical segments of residents indicated that the perceived gap between importance and performance varies across different locations.     

生态旅游概念识别及其比较研究--对中外40个生态旅游概念的定量分析

伴随着生态旅游的快速发展而涌现出的大量生态旅游概念使旅游研究者和旅游利益相关者对生态旅游概念产生了困惑.这种困惑使生态旅游的核心标准和规则在实际的应用中被扭曲和误用.本文运用内容分析的方法,通过对中外当代近10-15年内40个有影响力的生态旅游概念的分析,提炼出生态旅游概念架构所遵循的8个标准规则,它们是:以自然为基础、对保护的贡献、当地社区受益、环境教育、道德规范与责任、可持续性、旅游享受体验和文化.并以这些标准规则为基础,对中外生态旅游的概念进行比较,得出中国未来的生态旅游研究应更加关注旅游目的地管理的结论.     

Ecotourism Visitor Experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Challenging the Environmental Values of Visitors in Pursuit of Pro-environmental Behaviour

This paper reports on a research project that examined ecotourism visitor experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand and whether or not those experiences challenged visitors to consider environmental issues. Twelve study sites in three nationwide geographical clusters were drawn from a comprehensive database of 479 eco/nature tourism operations based on each operation fulfilling 14 selection criteria. The operations offer maximum variation in the ecotourism experiences that they provide. The qualitative research methods implemented at these sites are described. Observational and interview data were employed to critically assess the visitor experiences reported at the study sites. Five important aspects of the visitor experience emerged from data analysis. These were considered to be effective in drawing visitor attention to environmental issues of relevance. The results indicate that ecotourism visitor experiences may be an effective medium via which environmental values may be influenced.