对组建国家地质调查机构的探讨

文章对地质调查局的历史地位进行了分析，对国家公益性、基础性、战略性地质工作进行了界定，进而具体提出了组建中国地质调查局机构的意见。并强调，中国地质调查局的组建必须与现有地勘队伍的改革同步进行     

省级地质调查机构发展的若干问题与建议

省级地质调查机构是国家公益性地质调查队伍的重要组成部分,它既是解决各省（区、市）资源环境问题、完成国家公益性地质调查任务的骨干力量,其队伍的组建又是构建地质找矿新机制的重要任务之一。省级地质调查机构存在着因管理体制不同而造成发展情况迥异;基本经费不足,工作相对滞后;地质调查人才结构失衡、激励机制尚未建立;历史遗留、外部环境问题依然突出等问题。为促进省级地质调查机构发展,应明确定位,理顺关系;合理分工,各司其职;引培结合,惜才如金;落实保障,创造和谐环境。     

地勘单位企业化问题

把地勘单位放在市场经济条件下来考察,大体可分为两大类:一类是从事基础性、公益性地质工作的地勘单位,如区域地质调查、地质科研、地质环境监测、研究单位。另一类是从事地质找矿的生产性地勘单位,包括综合地质队、专业地质队以及物化探、实验测试、地质测绘等地质找矿方法、手段单位。这类单位的最终成果是可供开采利用的矿产资源(舍地下水资源)和作为这些资源载体的地质报告。因此,地勘单     

省级公益性地质调查队伍建设现状问题及对策

省级公益性地质调查队伍人员年龄结构基本合理,学历结构有待完善,经费得到了一定程度的保障,基地问题有待解决。阻碍省级公益性地质调查队伍建设的突出问题是公益性定位不突出、管理体制不统一、事业经费不足、队伍结构性矛盾等;推动省级公益性地质调查队伍建设的对策包括突出公益性定位、赋予人事自主权、调整管理体制、加强业务能力建设等。     

公益性与商业性地质工作经济学区分

根据经济学公共物品和私人物品理论分析,公益性地质工作与商业性地质工作的内涵有显著的差异,各有不同的经济学特性;公益性地质工作和商业性地质工作在一定前提下二者互为统一,但区别是主要的。区分公益性地质工作和商业性地质工作有利于公益性地质工作和商业性地质工作的分体运行和管理;有利于地质调查规划和项目的管理;有利于理顺、明确国家地质调查和企业地勘工作投资渠道;有利于消除思想障碍,加快地质调查机构和地质勘查单位的体制改革和建设。     

论会计工作组织形式在地质调查管理中的运用

搞好地质调查项目会计核算是承担地质调查单位管理工作的重要组成部分.在实际工作中,各地质调查承担单位应根据会计工作组织形式的基本内容和原则,选择适合本单位的会计工作组织形式.实体型省级地调院宜采用独立核算;半实体型省级地质调查院应区别情况选择独立或非独立核算形式;省级地质调查院对非隶属关系的地调所宜采用报账制或委托业务方式进行管理;临时组建的单个地质调查项目组以报账制形式为宜,方式上可在本院本级进行核算或委托院属地质调查所(队)核算.承担地质调查工作的行业地勘单位,可参考省级地质调查院,选择适合本单位的会计工作组织形式.内部组织形式单一的其他地质调查项目承担单位,宜以实行非独立核算的形式为主.     

深化地勘改革 加快发展的若干建议

当前,地勘单位改革发展进入攻坚阶段,地勘行业主管部门和地勘单位自身都必须进一步解放思想,转变观念,为地勘行业谋求、探索科学发展之路.建议:(1)创造良好的外部环境,大力支持地勘单位的改革和发展:(2)坚持改革方向,积极探索改革发展的实现形式;(3)加强地质勘查行业管理,促进地勘产业发展;(4)充分发挥地方公益性地质调查队伍在地勘单位改革发展中的作用;(5)扩大服务,做大做强地勘主业:(6)改善野外地质工作条件,提高野外人员待遇;(7)构建地质勘查工作新机制;(8)重奖地质找矿有功的单位和找矿人员.     

我国地质勘查经济发展现状及趋势分析

我国非油气地质勘查投入连续4年降低,其中社会资金降低明显,财政资金更加聚焦在基础性、公益性勘查项目。社会资金对未来勘查市场投资信心不足,地勘单位收入预期降低,未来勘查投入有进一步下降趋势,地勘经济短期内将继续保持低迷。在供给侧结构性改革和新发展理念推动下,环境地质、农业地质、灾害地质、城市地质等非传统地质勘查工作成为地质勘查业最具发展潜力的领域,地勘产业处于转型升级关键时期。为稳固我国地勘市场,推动地勘行业可持续发展,建议加大财政投入,引领社会资本进入地勘领域,把握新形势,落实新战略,推行绿色勘查理念,带动地勘产业转型升级。     

地质工作改革探索与发展展望

本文论述了公益性地质工作与商业性地质工作分开、地勘队伍属地化管理的客观必然性 ,分析了属地化管理后地质勘查工作的新格局和新变化 ,对地质工作改革与发展进行了展望 ,提出了建立和完善国家地质工作体系、加速完善地质勘查市场体系、实现地勘单位企业化 ;加强政府宏观调控等项政策建议。     

浅谈地勘单位改革发展的有效途径——以宁夏地矿局为例

地勘工作从计划经济体制向市场经济体制转变,地勘单位由纯事业单位逐步向企业化过渡.随着地勘单位"戴事业的帽子,走企业路子"的不断深入,地勘队伍的改革发展面临的矛盾日益突出,一方面地质勘查体系尚待完善,地勘单位的智力技术资本得不到有效转化;另一方面地勘单位内部存在机制体制不活等问题.文章以宁夏地矿局为例,提出了建实建强公益性地质队伍;加快实施商业性兼做公益性地勘队伍的企业化建设;争取政策支持,营造良好的发展环境等建议措施,推进地勘单位内部改革,为迎接各项新挑战做好准备.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.