从社会语言学角度谈英语语言的性别差异及成因

语言与文化相互依存,是反映社会中各种观念的镜子。英语语言中的性别差异现象是社会语言学的重要研究内容,也是各种文化共有的现象。由于人们没有意识到性别语言的差异以及差异背后的原因,导致相互误解甚至产生冲突,因此了解性别语言的差异并利用其差异进行交流就显得意义重大。本文试图从语音、词汇、语法三个方面初步探讨在语言中表现出来的性别差异,并分析导致性别差异产生的社会、文化、心理等因素。     

浅谈两性语言学特征差异产生的原因

语言与性别的关系研究初始于二十世纪七十年代的美国,是社会语言学研究的一项重要组成部分。语言中的性别差异是客观存在的一个普遍的社会现象。现试从生理、心理和社会三个角度探究导致语言中性别差异的原因,以期对这方面的进一步研究有所贡献。     

英汉语言中的性别差异研究(英文)

性别差异研究是一个非常普遍的研究课题,许多领域都予以重视。了解一些有关性别差异研究的知识对于促进男性和女性的和谐相处具有重大意义。本文就此从词汇、句法、言语交际、会话含义等方面谈论了语言中体现的性别差异,并从词形和词义来两方面来阐述了由此而导致的性别歧视。由此看出,男女在语言使用上反映出的性别差异体现了男女在社会地位上的不平等。     

性别差异在语言使用中的体现

由于社会的种种原因,男性的自由使得其趋于在语言交流中处于主导地位,而社会对女性的种种限制则使得女性在语言交流中处于相对被动的地位.但是随着社会的发展,妇女在家庭及社会中扮演着新的角色,其社会地位也得到相当大的改善.然而,无论社会如何变化,性别差异在所有社会中依然普遍存在.本文旨于从社会语言学的角度研究性别差异在语言的使...     

性别差异对二语习得的影响探究

语言是一种符号系统,是通过组合各种复杂的声音传达丰富的意义和情感内容的交际工具。在语言习得过程中,个体的差异会给学习者带来不同的学习效果。本文基于社会语言学的理论从学习者的生理差异、智能因素、学习观念以及学习策略几方面探讨性别差异对二语学习者产生的影响,并讨论语言指导者应如何客观地评价个体差异,帮助学习者培养积极的二语学习意识和学习策略以达到二语学习的真正目的。     

就业和晋升中的性别差异——当前我国城镇女性就业问题研究

长期以来社会文化对两性的不同构建,赋予了人们对男女的不同认识,加深了人们对两性的刻板印象,这在两性就业和晋升中的性别差异上也表现得非常明显。本文就是从就业和晋升中的性别差异入手,探讨当前我国普遍存在的女性就业问题,以期对其产生的社会成因进行理论阐释。     

公民参与之热情与愿望调查——以扬州市为例

通过对扬州市为民办实事项目社会评价调查资料的分析发现,缺少公民参与的决策项目往往与公民的真实愿望存在明显的差距,导致社会满意度偏低,现代社会公民有较高的参与社会公共事务决策的热情和愿望,社会性别差异是政府决策时不能忽视的重要因素。因此,政府要进行制度创新,珍视民众的参与热情,提高自身的执政能力,重视性别差异对公共需求的影响。     

高管性别差异对上市公司投资行为的影响分析

在现在这个激烈竞争的时代,高管对上市公司投资行为的影响越来越大。高管是公司投资决策的制定者和执行者,但是已有关于高管特征的研究仅涉及年龄、教育、任期、职业背景、社会经济地位等几个方面,较少涉及高管性别差异对上市公司投资行为的影响。而高管性别差异又可能是影响上市公司投资行为的重要因素之一,所以关于高管性别差异对上市公司投资行为的影响分析是必不可少的。本文从固定资产投资、无形资产投资、长期股权投资这三个方面进行考察,计算、分析由于高管性别差异对这三个方面投资比率的影响。从而得出优秀的女性高管和男性高管一样,可以为上市公司做出正确的、适当的投资决策。所以在任用高管时不应有性别歧视,应提高女性在上市公司高管中的比例,从而有利于高管做出对上市公司有利的投资决策、投资行为。     

培养农村中学女生自信心的一次尝试

针对学生的疑问,我详细分析了男女性别差异的生理因素和社会文化因素,阐述了世界上为什么女伟人没有男伟人多的原因,从社会、家庭中的性别角色认同和性别刻板印象谈到学校教育中的性别歧视:一个人只要有决心,有恒心、有信心,经过不懈的努力,都一定会成功的.     

性别差异、职业阶段与审计独立性

基于我国资本市场的数据，从职业风险、法律风险和职业道德角度考察签字会计师性别差异对审计独立性的影响。研究发现，签字会计师的性别差异尽管在总体上对审计独立性没有显著影响，但是在职业阶段的早期和晚期，签字会计师的性别差异对审计独立性具有显著影响，表明性别差异对审计独立性的影响会受到其职业阶段的调节作用。并且，这种影响表现为，相对于男性签字会计师，女性的独立性偏低，说明性别差异对审计独立性的影响主要受职业风险的驱动，而非法律风险和职业道德。     

Personality similarities and differences between Mexican and American business leaders

A study was conducted to investigate personality similarities and differences for a group of 200 business leaders, 100 each from Southern Mexico and the United States. Mexican and American leaders were administered the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) in their native language (Spanish or English). A demographic questionnaire solicited information about age, education, and gender. These variables were used as covariates in some analyses. After controlling for the effects of age, gender, and education level, the authors found that Mexican leaders scored higher than their American counterparts on the warmth, emotional stability, social boldness, and openness to change scales. American leaders scored higher on the abstractedness and self‐reliance scales. On scales related to leadership there were between‐nationality differences on emotional stability, social boldness, abstractedness, and self‐reliance. Additional studies are suggested to illuminate cross‐nationality similarities and differences.     

跨文化交流中的称谓语对比研究

称谓语被广泛应用于各种语言中,起着重要的社交礼仪作用。称谓语不仅是一种语言现象,同时也是一种社会文化现象。本文从跨文化交流的视角就英汉称谓语进行了对比研究,分析了由于宗教信仰、价值观念和社会结构等方面的不同而导致的称谓语的差异,探讨了其背后的文化因素,便于使用这两种语言的人们之间的跨文化交流活动。     

浅谈高职院校学生人格特征与适应能力

高职院校学生社会适应情况与高职院校学生人格和社会适应之间的关系密切相关。主要体现在大学生在学习适应和择业适应上存在显著的性别差异;不同生源地学生的社会适应能力无显著差异;不同专业学生的适应能力总分存在显著差异,且在校园适应、情绪适应和满意度三个维度上差异显著。     

Target marketing in a social marketing context: gender differences in importance ratings of promoted intrinsic and extrinsic restricted exchange benefits of military enlistment

Social marketing involves influencing voluntary behaviour of people towards a social end. Examples of social marketing range from campaigns to encourage healthy physical behaviour to efforts to encourage tax support for public education, overcome racism, or stimulate ‘patriotic’ behaviour. Using data from a summer 2001 telephone survey of 600 young adults, this paper investigates how recruitment campaigns may benefit from considering gender differences in importance ratings of a variety of benefits promoted by the military in the USA. Importance ratings are assessed using differences in means and variances tests. Findings identify gender specific differences that may be used to enhance recruitment campaigns. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

Work-to-family enrichment and gender inequalities in eight European countries

Abstract

All social roles have positive and rewarding as well as negative/problematic aspects. Research on the work–family interface has predominantly focused on conflicting roles. In contrast, this paper extends research on work–family enrichment (WFE), a positive aspect of work and gender differences in WFE in a cross-national context. Drawing upon social role theory and the culture sensitive theory on work–family enrichment, we examined gender differences in experiences of developmental WFE in a sample of service sector employees in eight European countries. In line with traditional gender roles, women reported more WFE than men. The relationship was moderated by both an objective and subjective measure of gender egalitarianism but in the opposite direction as hypothesized. The gender gap in WFE was larger in more gender-egalitarian countries, where women may be better able to transfer resources from the work domain to benefit their family role than in low egalitarian societies. National differences in labour market factors, family models and the public discourse on work–life balance mainly explain the unanticipated findings.     

Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan

This study examines determinants of expatriate cross-cultural adjustment related to non-work- (interaction and general living adjustment) and work- (work adjustment and job satisfaction) aspects in Japan. It was hypothesized that cultural distance and expatriate gender, language proficiency, type (organizational or self-initiated expatriates), and stable personality traits (social initiative, emotional stability, cultural empathy, flexibility, and open-mindedness) have an influence on both non-work- and work-related adjustment. Hierarchical regression analyses, performed on data from 110 expatriates, indicate that expatriate language proficiency, type, and the personality traits of emotional stability and cultural empathy have a positive influence on both types of adjustment. Implications of these findings for practice are discussed.     

Gender,family ties,and international mobility: Cultural distance matters

This study empirically tests a model of associations between family-domain variables and willingness to accept an international assignment, and applies the general model to sub-samples of men and women to examine gender differences in the pattern of relationships. We further explore these patterns in culturally similar and culturally distant country destinations. Analyses conducted with a sample of 148 men and 79 women employed MBA graduates from dual-earner couples revealed that perceived spouse willingness to relocate, beliefs regarding spouse and couple mobility, relative income, and the presence of children are associated with willingness to accept an international assignment. Moreover, consistent with social role theory, significant gender differences in willingness were found across low and high cultural distance country destinations.     

Complements or substitutes? Task specialization by gender and nativity in Spain

Learning about the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives is a topic of major concern for immigrant-receiving countries. Using data from Spain, where the immigrant population has risen from 4% to 13% within a decade, we find that immigration appears to have affected the task specialization of natives without affecting their employment levels. However, the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives is twice as great in Spain as in the United States. The magnitude of the immigration impact in a country with a large share of immigrants originating from Spanish-speaking countries suggests that host country language proficiency is not the sole factor driving the observed impact. Additionally, the analysis reveals significant gender differences in the impact of immigration on the relative task supply of natives, possibly resting on the occupational concentration of immigrants and native occupational segregation patterns by gender, among other factors.     

探析英语中的性别歧视语

英语中的性别歧视语是性别歧视的观念在英语语言中的反映。它与宗教、文化及女性在社会中的分工角色等方面密不可分。本文从英语中性别歧视语的现象入手,分析其根源并提出了一些规避方法。