Consistency and optimality in a dynamic game of pollution control I: Competition

I model the interaction between a regulator and polluting firms as a Stackelberg differential game in which the regulator leads. The firms create pollution, which results in a stock extermality. I analyze the intertemporal effects of alternate pollution control measures in a competitive industry. The principal issue here concerns the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal solution. Inter alia, I compare the steady state levels of pollution under optimal and under time consistent policies.     

日本行政垄断规制改革及启示

日本是"政府主导性"市场经济国家,其政府对行政垄断行业的规制事无巨细.但在20世纪80年代后,日本为适应国内变化了的经济形势,对其规制进行了以"原则上实行经济自由化"为目标的规制改革,其改革采取了渐进式改革方式.日本对规制的改革对我国的国有企业改革和非国营经济进入行政垄断行业以及促进经济竞争、提高行政垄断行业的效率具有启示意义.     

自然垄断产业规制改革过程中的风险研究

我国在社会主义市场经济体制建立过程中,逐步开始了以引入竞争、提高效率为目标的自然垄断产业规制改革.但是,在规制改革过程中,要面临许多不确定的风险.国内外对自然垄断产业的规制经验、教训表明,能否有效地控制规制过程中引发的风险在很大程度上决定了规制改革的绩效,甚至影响到对规制改革本身的评价.引发规制风险的因素很多,但总的来看,主要集中在规制本身、市场、政府规制行为不规范这三个方面.分析了上述三方面所引发的规制风险产生的原因,并根据我国目前自然垄断产业规制现状提出了若干建议,以化解规制改革中面临的风险.     

天然气行业垄断行为的经济学分析

作为关系国计民生的天然气行业一直受政府的规制,实行国有垄断经营。应规避天然气行业的垄断弊端,对该行业进行天然气定价机制、打破行业垄断、建立合理管理体制,加强法制建设,以确保天然气行业健康、快速地发展。     

Transboundary air pollution and soil acidification: A dynamic analysis of an acid rain game between Finland and the USSR

Transboundary air pollution is analysed as a dynamic game between Finland and the nearby areas of the Soviet Union. Sulphur emissions are used as the environmental control variables and the acidities of the soils as the state variables. Acidification is consequently considered to be a stock pollutant having long-lasting harmful effects on the environment. The state dynamics consist of two relationships: first, of a sulphur transportation model between the regions and, second, of a model describing how the quality of the soil is affected by sulphur deposition. The countries are assumed to be interested in maximizing the net benefits from pollution control as measured by the impacts on the values of forest growth net of the abatement costs. Cooperative and noncooperative solutions of the game are compared to assess the benefits of bilateral cooperation. Using empirical estimates of abatement costs, acidification dynamics and impacts on forest growth it is shown that cooperation is beneficial to Finland but not to the Soviet Union. Consequently, Finland has to offer monetary compensation to induce her neighbor to invest in environmental protection.     

行政垄断的形成机制及改革思路研究

对于存在市场失灵的行业,政府对竞争进行限制和排斥;但如果价格规制没有达到效果,则可认为政府规制实际造成了一种不合意的行政垄断的后果。行政垄断的博弈各方都是追求自身利益最大化的行为主体,尤其是政府追求其自身利益导致了行政垄断的产生;行政垄断程度大小受很多因素影响,大致可分为需求因素和供给因素两类。这些因素不但决定了行政垄断程度,而且决定了政企之间的利益分配。电信业改革启示我们,中央政府下一步可以从市场结构、规制改革、反垄断法三个方面破除行政垄断;要彻底根除行政垄断,政治体制改革不可避免。     

Corruption governance and its dynamic stability based on a three-party evolutionary game with the government,the public,and public officials

The current state of corruption in China is still worrisome. Corruption among public officials depends not only on their subjective will, but also on the success rate of government investigations and public whistleblowing. Based on the evolutionary game theory, this study constructs an evolutionary game model with the government, the people, and public officials and solves the dynamic model. The authors also provide a numerical simulation of the proposed model to confirm theoretical predictions. The results reveal that when the government’s success rate reaches a certain threshold, public officials will trend to a strategy of no bribery, and at this threshold, raising the cost of bribing public officials can quickly prevent them from corruption. At the equilibrium, the public will trend toward a strategy of no whistleblowing. The findings of this study are of great significance to the current anti-corruption debate in China.     

垄断、分工与市场

中国的国有企业一直面临着垄断的指责,但这种指责却是极其模糊和偏颇的。本文从时间与空间对垄断的概念进行界定,认为垄断是一种相对而非绝对的状态,其基础源于分工,是一个在与市场的相互作用下不断扩张的过程。笔者认为,从这种理论概念的澄清上可以看出,对于国有企业而言,绝大部分对于垄断的指责是偏颇的,也是不符合现实的。     

垄断行业定价的博弈分析--以铁路票价制定为例

铁路行业被认为是典型的自然垄断行业。长期以来中国政府对铁路部门实行较为严格的管制政策。但近年来铁路部门已经逐渐实行自主定价,并在春节等节假日上浮票价,引发很多争论。用博弈论方法对铁路票价制定和消费者购买行为进行经济学分析,提出铁路票价制定有其利益趋向依据,但为规范其行为,应当实行价格听证制度和严格的审计监察制度。     

中国垄断行业改革的回顾与展望

20世纪80年代以来,中央政府有力地推动了垄断行业的改革,已经在电信、民航等行业改革中取得了一些积极的成果。但是,在我国垄断行业的改革过程中仍然存在诸多问题。目前我国垄断行业的改革在逐步开展,但攻坚任务尚未完成,需要根据各个垄断行业改革进程,分类推进或深化改革。     

行政垄断、放松规制与产业绩效——基于原油开采业的实证分析

我国原油开采业是行政垄断而不是自然垄断,而行政垄断下原油开采业的市场绩效表明了其危害性.通过对我国原油开采业1998年的隐性放松规制进行界定,建立计量模型对这次放松规制的效果进行了实证分析,从理论和实践两方面证实了放松规制有利于我国原油开采业产业绩效的提升.     

中国基础领域垄断的形成与反垄断之路

本首先从社会主义也存在垄断,也要反垄断的理论视觉出发,全方位地探讨了基础领域垄断的形成,反垄断的难点、措施,并战略性地提出了培育大型企业集团的策略。     

Static and dynamic efficiency of pollution control strategies

A great deal of the economic literature on pollution control strategies concentrates on the efficiency of environmental policy instruments. Most analytical studies in this field show that market instruments are more efficient with respect to the cost of pollution abatement of a given number of polluters than non-market instruments. According to several analytical studies, market instruments should also be more efficient with respect to innovation in pollution abatement equipment than non-market instruments. In the empirical literature a great number of case studies exist with estimations of the savings of abatement costs of market instruments in a situation without technological progress. Empirical studies about the impact of environmental policy market instruments on the abatement costs in situations with technological progress are lacking.The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap. The paper deals with an empirical estimation of abatement costs for the emission of SO₂ of coal-fired electricity units in the Netherlands from 1985 to 2000. First, the working of market instruments and non-market instruments (the existing environmental policy of the Dutch government) is simulated in a static situation. Second, we analyse the learning effects of flue gas desulphurization. The efficiency advantage of market instruments turns out to be larger in a situation of technological progress than in a static situation.     

关于我国反软件盗版的思考

反软件盗版是全球性的难题,即使是对知识产权保护较好的美国也仍然存在软件盗版的问题.我国软件盗版的现象也普遍存在.我国政府对软件盗版问题十分重视,制订了相关的法律与法规,正着手全面解决软件盗版问题.首先,介绍了全球软件盗版现象,分析了软件盗版的危害,对我国软件保护条件进行了研究,指出我国软件要进行分类保护;其次,论述了反软件盗版与保护幼稚工业的关系,指出了反软件盗版需要建立在保护幼稚工业的基础之上;第三,论述了反软件盗版应与反软件垄断、反软件暴利相结合;最后,对我国反软件盗版作了总结.     

垄断行业高收入的法律规制分析

在中国,垄断行业的高收入问题已经成为了社会的焦点,垄断行业的高收入加剧了收入分配不公,影响社会的和谐,干扰了资源合理配置,抑制社会发展动力。应当采取完善反垄断法、完善价格法中的听证制度、完善个人所得税法等方法,来制约垄断行业的垄断利润和垄断高收入。     

放松规制对垄断产业收入影响的理论与实证研究

近年来,垄断产业的高收入问题引起了社会各界的广泛关注.放松规制是垄断产业改革的重要方向.本文建立了委托代理模型分析放松规制对垄断产业收入的影响,并利用OECD主要国家的截面数据进行实证研究,其结果表明,放松规制会降低垄断产业的收入,有效降低我国基尼系数,有利于缓解收入分配不均的现象.     

收费公路行业行政垄断及其社会成本测度

公路收费制度的实施,有效地缓解了公路建设资金紧张的矛盾。但由于垄断经营和相关制度的不完善,导致收费公路行业出现诸多弊端,产生了较大的社会成本。首先指出收费公路行业垄断的本质是行政垄断,而非自然垄断;在此基础上,分析了行政垄断社会成本的构成及其表现形式,同时结合相关理论,建立了行政垄断社会成本计量模型;并以此为依据,对收费公路行业行政垄断的社会成本进行了估算。通过估算发现,收费公路行业行政垄断成本远远高于其他行业。     

英、美垄断产业放松规制改革的历程及特点

垄断产业改革的重要趋势就是放松规制。20世纪70年代以来,美国、英国等成熟市场经济国家纷纷对本国垄断产业开始了放松规制的改革。从国际经验来看,垄断行业放松规制可使生产效率显著提高,服务质量不断上升,服务价格不断下降。但中国在垄断行业放松规制改革后,出现了以国际潮流相悖的现象,值得我们广泛关注。     

A dynamic framework for analyzing technology standardisation using network analysis and game theory

As more technologies and industries converge, technology standards are more likely to be a strategic factor for firms and governments that are interested in the market with standards-based competition. From the previous research, a new standardisation framework was proposed by combining network analysis and the game theory model but was constrained by feasibility and dynamic approach. In this study, the case of the standards war between HD-DVD and Blu-ray was analyzed with patent data as an empirical case considering a dynamic framework. With this framework, we observed a change in a firm’s technology relations and could predict the decline in a firm’s preference and the shift of equilibrium ahead of Toshiba’s resignation.     

转轨经济中自然垄断产业的竞争与所有制研究

竞争与所有制改革是目前自然垄断产业规制改革的主要趋势.但原有的理论和经验都是针对发达国家而言,对于转轨国家如何协调经济转轨与自然垄断产业改革却没有现成的理论与经验.因此,本文关注转轨国家自然垄断产业引入竞争可能性以及所有制改革模式的选择.研究发现:考虑管理成本,转轨国家自然垄断产业引入竞争是可能的;改革进程取决于转轨国家市场发育程度以及改革的初始条件;混合所有制的企业竞争模式更适合于转轨国家自然垄断产业的改革.