现代资本结构理论

自Modigliani和Miller提出MM理论以来,资本结构问题一直是理论界和实务界关注的焦点.本文从MM理论及其修正--基于税差的分析、基于权衡理论的资本结构理论、信息不对称条件下的资本结构理论、资本结构的实证研究四个方面阐述了自20世纪50年代以来资本结构理论的发展和研究成果,试图为我国学者开展资本结构研究提供借鉴.     

信息披露、收益不透明度与权益资本成本

本文以1993年至2001年间我国证券市场进行股权再融资的上市公司为样本,深入考察我国证券市场上市公司信息披露质量与公司权益资本成本的关系。结果表明,在控制其他一些影响因素之后,上市公司信息披露质量与公司权益资本成本呈显著的负相关关系;对上市公司而言,提高信息披露的质量有助于降低公司的权益资本成本。同时,本文还发现,上市公司权益资本成本不仅受到前一年信息披露质量的影响,还受到前四年信息披露质量的影响。所以,上市公司管理者为了降低公司再融资的权益资本成本,应该持之以恒地致力于保持较高的信息披露质量。     

Valuation and classification of company issued cash and share-puts

This paper examines whether investors’ valuations of cash and share-put warrants are influenced by their potential differential effect on firm solvency. It is motivated by the enactment of SFAS 150, which requires that all contingent put warrant obligations be classified as balance sheet liabilities regardless of put type. Consistent with the critics of SFAS150, we show that market participants differentially value cash and share-puts based on their solvency characteristics beyond the firm’s recorded assets and liabilities. Our results add to existing capital structure literature by suggesting that complex financial instruments (such as cash and share-puts) be reported separately from each other on a firm’s balance sheet.

年报风险披露与权益资本成本

本文从权益资本成本视角探究了中国上市公司年报风险披露的价值相关性及信息性质。基于2007-2014年A股上市公司的研究发现:(1)年报风险披露长度及其变化值越大,公司权益资本成本及其变化值越小,说明披露的风险越多,市场给予的信任越多,因而要求的风险溢价越小,从而支持了风险披露的同质观;(2)风险披露与权益资本成本的负相关关系主要体现在信息环境差、显性风险较小的公司;(3)投资者对增加披露风险信息具有正向市场反应,且投资者异质信念降低,表明风险信息异质性较弱,而信息不对称是风险披露影响权益资本成本的不完全中介;(4)风险披露变化值越大,公司股权再融资的可能性越大、折价率越低,债券利差越小。本文首次检验了我国年报风险披露对权益资本成本的影响,得到与国外文献不一致的结论,丰富了信息披露与资本成本关系相关的文献。     

Capital structure of multinational and domestic corporations – a cross‐country comparison

This study investigates whether the determinants of capital structure between multinational corporations (MCs) and domestic corporations (DCs) vary across Australia, U.S., Japan, U.K. and Malaysia. Results show (i) the debt holding capacity and majority of the explanatory factors vary between DCs and MCs and also across countries; (ii) Australia, Japan, U.K. and Malaysian MCs hold significantly less long‐term debt relative to U.S. firms; (iii) DCs and MCs that operate under an imputation tax system hold significantly less short‐ and long‐term debt; and (iv) DCs and MCs operating under common law have significantly less short‐term debt and significantly higher long‐term debt.     

高铁时空压缩效应与公司权益资本成本——来自A股上市公司的经验证据

以往文献大多集中于交通基础设施对一国或地区宏观经济的影响,而较少关注其对资本市场的作用。本文基于信息不对称视角,考察了高铁开通改变地理距离的时空约束后如何影响公司权益资本成本。以2007—2018年A股上市公司为样本,本文研究发现,上市公司所在地开通高铁后,由于内外信息不对称程度的降低,公司权益资本成本显著下降。该现象受到一系列公司特征的影响,与多数投资者聚集地距离越远、业务复杂度越高的公司,权益资本成本受高铁开通影响而下降得更明显。进一步的研究表明,高铁开通后公司股票流动性的提升及信息披露质量的提高是影响权益资本成本的重要路径。     

上市房地产企业零杠杆现象影响因素研究

我国上市房地产企业存在债务保守融资策略的零杠杆现象。基于1992～2010年的报表数据,运用Logistic回归方法,探究与企业融资策略有关的资金来源、企业特征变量、宏观经济环境和宏观政策四个方面的影响因素与企业是否选择零杠杆融资之间的相关性。实证结果表明,当货币资金、短期借款、商业信用融资充足,股票上市融资充分时,上市房地产企业倾向于零杠杆融资决策。与非零杠杆企业相比,这样的企业通常规模小、有形资产少、成长性高,对宏观经济环境变化敏感。     

从债务期限影响因素看中小企业债券市场发展

融资难是当前困扰我国中小企业发展的最大瓶颈,大力发展中小企业债券市场,是降低间接融资系统性风险、提高中小企业融资规模的重要途径。本文首先以上市公司债务期限结构为对象,实证研究影响市场资金供求双方的影响因素,在现阶段我国债券市场的市场制度、风险偏好、发行人资质等综合条件下,发行短期债券是当前中小企业发展最现实的选择,受信息不对称、违约风险等因素的影响,保障企业稳定发展的中长期资金难以获得。     

Did Regulation Fair Disclosure affect credit markets?

This study assesses whether the implementation of Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) has affected the quantity and quality of information in credit markets. We find that, after Reg FD, borrowing from new lenders was associated with a higher loan spread. We also document that, after Reg FD, (1) borrowers became more dependent on relationship lending; (2) lead lenders retained a higher loan share; and (3) a typical loan syndicate involved a smaller number of participating lenders. We interpret these results as evidence of an increased level of information asymmetry in credit markets after Reg FD.     

Investment-based financing constraints and debt renegotiation

We consider how equity holders’ bargaining power during financial distress influences the interactions between financing and investment decisions when the firm faces the upper limit of debt issuance. We obtain four results. First, weaker equity holders’ bargaining power is more likely that the firm is financially constrained. Second, the investment quantity is independent of equity holders’ bargaining power. Third, the constrained credit spreads are increasing with equity holders’ bargaining power, contrary to the unconstrained ones. Fourth, higher volatility and weaker equity holders’ bargaining power are likely that the firm prefers to issue debt with renegotiation, compared with debt without renegotiation.     

Institutional ownership and credit spreads: An information asymmetry perspective

Recent literature has documented a link between institutional equity ownership (IO) and cost of debt capital, and interpreted it as a corporate governance effect. However, institutional equity investors may also affect cost of debt through their influence on information asymmetry condition of firms. To distinguish between the two effects, we break down institutional investors into different groups: transient institutional investors (TRA who are sensitive to information asymmetry but unlikely to participate in corporate governance, and the dedicated ones (DED) who act oppositely. Based on a most up-to-date and comprehensive bond data spanning the past 20 years, we find that credit spreads narrow (widen) with an increase in equity ownership by TRA (DED). The effects are most prominent among short-term bonds, bonds with lower ratings, higher leverage and higher volatilities. The results persist after controlling for potential endogeneity and other information asymmetry measures, and are unlikely due to an asset substitution effect. Overall, our findings provide strong support for the effect of information asymmetry on credit spread, and highlight the importance of distinguishing various types of institutional investors.     

Does equity market timing have a persistent impact on capital structure? Evidence from China

This paper uses the change in individual securities accounts as a measure of equity funding supply to examine whether the persistent timing effect on capital structure exists for the Chinese equity market. This new equity timing measure avoids previous criticisms over a timing measure not being independent of a firm's characteristics of capital structure. Our empirical results show that this new measure is an effective market timing variable for issuing equity in the Chinese equity market, and that a persistent effect of equity market timing on firm capital structure exists for more than 7 years. This paper offers evidence that the market conditions of equity funding supply play an important role in corporate financing decisions in China.     

董事高管责任保险、权益资本成本与上市公司再融资能力

基于公司治理角度,使用2002~2012年沪深引进董事高管责任保险的上市公司为样本,考察了董事高管责任保险、权益资本成本和上市公司再融资能力三者之间的相互关系。研究表明：董事高管责任保险与上市公司的再融资能力负相关,与权益资本成本呈显著正相关关系;权益资本成本在董事高管责任保险和上市公司再融资能力影响机制中发挥中介作用。具体地,投资者因规避责任保险机制庇护下公司高管自利行为可招致的风险,导致上市公司权益资本成本增加,从而降低了公司再融资能力。