International migration with capital constraints: interpreting migration from the Netherlands to Canada in the 1920s

Abstract An inability to borrow affected migration from Europe to North America. This capital constraint is formalized with a life‐cycle model, where agents jointly choose how much to save, the optimal period to finance migration, and whether to migrate. Using a life‐cycle model we show that preference for the home country, the period of adjustment after arrival, and the direct cost of migration affect the savings of migrants, age at migration, and who migrates. These results are discussed in light of wages in Canada and the Netherlands, and the characteristics of Dutch immigrants drawn from ship passenger manifests. Capital constraints delayed migration and help explain the large wage gap between the Netherlands and Canada. JEL classification: J61, N32, N34     

Labor migration in Europe: experiences from Germany after unification

"This paper examines the effects of diverging economic conditions on labor migration within reunified Germany. We employ a life-cycle model with consumers' sovereignty regarding choice of location to derive estimates of labor migration in future periods. Heterogeneity of individuals is explicitly taken into account by adopting a random utility approach....Within limits, our predictions can serve as rough indicators of potential future migration between Eastern and Western Europe."     

International migration and real wages: a resolution note

The authors examine the impact of international labor migration on wages in country of origin. Two types of emigration are distinguished: bundled emigration, which can result in a reduction of real wages; and pure labor emigration, which results in an increase in real wages.     

International migration,transfer of norms and home country fertility

This paper examines the relationship between international migration and source country fertility. The impact of international migration on source country fertility may have a number of causes, including a transfer of destination countries' fertility norms. We provide a rigorous test of the diffusion of fertility norms using highly detailed original data on migration. Our results provide evidence of a significant transfer of destination countries' fertility norms from migrants to their country of origin: a 1% decrease (increase) in the fertility norm to which migrants are exposed reduces (raises) home country fertility by about 0.3%. JEL classification: J13, J61, O11     

Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany

Standard neoclassical models of economic integration are based on the assumptions that capital and labor are substitutes and that the geography of factor market integration does not matter. Yet, these two assumptions are violated if agglomeration forces among factors from specific source countries are at work. Agglomeration implies that factors behave as complements and that the country of origin matters. This paper analyzes agglomeration between capital and labor empirically. We use state-level German data to answer the question whether and how migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) are linked. Stocks of inward FDI and of immigrants have similar determinants, and the geography of factor market integration matters. There are higher stocks of inward FDI in German states hosting a large foreign population from the same country of origin. This agglomeration effect is confined to higher-income source countries.     

International migration,non-traded goods and economic welfare in the source country

"This paper examines the economic effects of emigration in a source country producing both traded and non-traded commodities. It is shown that, even if the economy faces fixed terms of trade, emigration can still affect the welfare of the non-migrants, and the direction of the effect in this context will always be negative." The focus is on migration from developing countries.     

International migration,economic policy and human capital accumulation: a simulation study

"This paper examines the economic policy implications of international migration and human capital accumulation within a dynamic general equilibrium model. Each country produces by means of physical and human capital of two types (skilled and unskilled labour). Along optimal growth paths in a world of diverging population growth rates immigration can only be beneficial when the free rider effect (i.e., not paying for training costs) exceeds the capital dilution effect of an increase in population growth. Under quite general conditions the optimal immigration rate is zero."     

Movement of Greek labor to Germany and return

The author presents estimates of the total volume of return migration from the Federal Republic of Germany to Greece and an analysis of the relationship between emigration and return migration. In particular, the hypothesis that return migrants may emigrate a second or third time to the same destination is considered. Data are for the period 1959 to 1976.     

International migration,non-traded goods and economic welfare in a two-class economy: A reply

This paper sketches a formal model of an economy producing traded and non-traded goods in which two classes of individuals are differentiated, each owning different endowments of capital and labor and allocating different proportions of their income to the consumption of each commudity. The effects of emigration on prices, income distribution and the real income of each class is then examined.     

Families,migration and adjusting to disequilibrium

"Unlike the case for individual migration, education may reduce the migration of families by enhancing their ability to adjust to local disequilibrium and stay at their preferred location. Estimates of family migration probabilities in Costa Rica support this hypothesis."     

美、日、德制造业国际化经营比较及启示

美、日、德等国制造业国际化经营程度都很高 ,产品出口和跨国投资额都占有较高比重 ,而且取得了较好的经济效益。本文分析美、日、德国制造业国际化经营取得较好经济效益的原因 ,从而得出对我国制造业国际化经营的启示。     

移民对美国经济竞争力的贡献

与经济发展阶段相适应,经济增长的主导因素也在不断地嬗变。在经济全球化背景下的劳动力合理流动,对于该国家和地区的经济增长和竞争力提高影响巨大。本文以美国为例,对美国移民的经济背景及对美国经济发挥的作用进行实证分析,揭示了外来移民对美国长期保持其经济竞争力的重要性,并结合中国西部大开发过程中科技人才短缺的现状,提出对我国开发西部引进人才的建议。     

Sectoral Adjustments In Eastern Germany Due to Market Forces*

Some characteristics of the eastern German economy are analyzed as to their effects on the adjustment to market forces, using a modified Ricardo-Viner model. Included are transfer payments, EC farm policy, wage policy, and currency overvaluation. the analysis shows that the adjustments for a sector cannot be understood solely in terms of developments in that sector alone. the wage policy and the currency conversion magnified the adjustments in agriculture. Agricultural policy dampened the decline in agricultural output and had positive spillover effects on nontraded goods. Such interconnections must be kept in mind when analyzing the reform process.     

OPEC's Response to International Climate Agreements

This paper studies a game between a group of countries that have agreed to participate in an international climate agreement (the signatories) and OPEC. The purpose of the signatories is to design carbon taxes that maximize their total net income, given a goal on global carbon emissions. As a response to the climate agreement, OPEC imposes an oil tax on its member states that maximizes OPEC's profits. Within a numerical model we find the subgame-perfect equilibrium of a game in which each player chooses when to fix his decision variables. It is shown that in equilibrium the group of signatories chooses to be the leader and OPEC chooses to be the follower. It is demonstrated, however, that for both agents the order of move is of minor (numerical) importance. Hence, the players have limited incentives for strategic behaviour.     

Option Pricing Approach to International Reserves

This paper brings forward the insurance aspect of holding reserves by using the conceptual equivalence between insurance and financial options, and explores when reserves are likely to become the primary means of precautionary arrangement, in particular in emerging markets. The sharp rise in the amount of reserves held by many emerging markets since the mid-1990s can be traced to the rise in the "globalization hazard" that confronts emerging markets. A modest probability of globalization hazard (sudden stop) can induce emerging markets to self-insure fully by hoarding international reserves, rather than relying on nonreserve alternatives of taking precautions.     

Time to learn? The organizational structure of schools and student achievement

Utilizing parametric and nonparametric techniques, we asses the impact of a heretofore relatively unexplored ‘input’ in the educational process, time allocation, on the distribution of academic achievement. Our results indicate that school year length and the number and average duration of classes affect student achievement. However, the effects are not homogeneous – in terms of both direction and magnitude – across the distribution. We find that test scores in the upper tail of the distribution benefit from a shorter school year, while a longer school year increases test scores in the lower tail. Furthermore, test scores in the lower quantiles increase when students have at least eight classes lasting 46–50 min on average, while test scores in the upper quantiles increase when students have seven classes lasting 45 min or less or 51 min or more.     

Megatrends as perceived in Turkey in comparison to Austria and Germany

Countries and companies use foresight studies to manage uncertainty. Environmental scanning and trend analyses are important tools for identifying and monitoring change. Trend analysis requires more than simply extrapolating to the future. The content of communication serves as the basis of inference so those trends could be explored.This research uses an interdisciplinary approach combining media content analysis and factor analysis to discover many ways Turkey and the world may restructure and what the new society may look like as perceived by the individuals who participated in the survey. It determines six types of individuals in Turkey with different personal attitudes towards megatrends. Similarities and dissimilarities with previous studies in Austria and Germany are identified and discussed.     

Multidimensional affluence: theory and applications to Germany and the US

This article suggests multidimensional affluence measures for the top of the distribution. In contrast to commonly used top income shares, they allow the analysis of the extent, intensity and breadth of affluence in several dimensions within a common framework. We illustrate this by analysing the role of income and wealth as dimensions of multidimensional well-being in Germany and the US in 2007 as well as for the US over the period 1989–2007. We find distinct country differences with the country ranking depending on the measure. While in Germany wealth predominantly contributes to the intensity of affluence, income is more important in the US.