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1.
This paper will examine the effects of gender, age, work experience, academic status and legality on certain ethical decisions. Six scenarios representing ethical dilemmas were presented to both undergraduate and MBA students in an attempt to determine if various demographic factors influenced ethical decision making. While some past studies have suggested that gender has an important effect on ethical decision making, this study does not completely support this conclusion and suggests that age and/or length of work experience should be included in any study of ethical decision making.The legality of the decisions was determined and compared to the reason given by the students for their decisions. In some cases the choice made by a majority of the students was not the one that was supported by the legal authorities which suggests that there may be conflicts between the ethical system of the respondents and the behavior expected of them by society. 相似文献
2.
A model of information technology (IT) ethical work climates is presented. Using these ethical work climates and data collected from a national mail survey of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) members, empirical measures were developed and evaluated. A mailing of 2446 questionnaires was sent to ACM members and 136 usable responses were returned (5.6%). Using these data, an exploratory factor analysis was performed using principle components analysis to identify the IT ethical work climates from the data. Six of these work climates were identified as predicted by the model. Two ethical work climates that were combinations of the proposed climates were also identified.From the results of the exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed using Calis in PC SAS version 8. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the overall fit of these measures to the data and evaluate the psychometric properties of the measures. The fit of the IT ethical work climates model was acceptable. The psychometric properties of these measures were good. Based on these results, conclusions, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are proposed. 相似文献
3.
K. Praveen Parboteeah Hsien Chun Chen Ying-Tzu Lin I-Heng Chen Amber Y-P Lee Anyi Chung 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,97(4):599-611
Over the past two decades, Victor and Cullen’s (Adm Sci Q 33:101–125, 1988) typology of ethical climates has been employed by many academics in research on issues of ethical climates. However, little
is known about how managerial practices such as communication and empowerment influence ethical climates, especially from
a functional perspective. The current study used a survey of employees from Taiwan’s top 100 patent-owning companies to examine
how communication and empowerment affect organizational ethical climates. The results confirm the relationship between these
two managerial practices and organizational ethical climates. We discuss our results and their implications for both future
academic research and practice. 相似文献
4.
Faced with the liability of newness, a scarcity of resources, and concerns of survival, new firms frequently encounter difficult ethical decisions and might be pressured to make choices that run counter to the tenets of more developed ethical and moral reasoning. This study explores the impact of newness and entrepreneurial orientation on the ethical climate of firms. Data collected from 304 individuals across 37 firms indicated that firm newness was more strongly related to ethical climate than was an entrepreneurial orientation. Results also revealed that firm newness may be usefully conceptualized in both continuous and categorical terms, with each operationalization holding a somewhat different relationship with climate. Finally, results revealed that firm size was related to several types of ethical climates. 相似文献
5.
From virtue ethics and interactionist perspectives, we hypothesized that personal justice norms (distributive and procedural
justice norms) were shaped directly and multiplicatively by ethical dispositions (equity sensitivity and need for structure)
and ethical climates (egoistic, benevolent, and principle climates). We collected multisource data from 123 companies in Hong
Kong, with personal factors assessed by participants’ self-reports and contextual factors by aggregations of their peers.
In general, LISREL analyses with latent product variables supported the direct and multiplicative relationships. Our findings
could lay the groundwork for justice research from a morality perspective in future. 相似文献
6.
This study empirically examined the effects of ethical leadership and ethical climate on employee ethical behavior in the international port context using survey data collected from 128 respondents who worked in Taiwan International Ports Corporation (TIPC) in Taiwan. Research hypotheses were formulated from the previous literature and tested using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that ethical leadership had a significant impact on ethical climate and the ethical behavior of TIPC employees. Ethical climate was found to be positively associated with employee ethical behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of the research findings are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Codes of Ethics as Signals for Ethical Behavior 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This study investigated effects of codes of ethics on perceptions of ethical behavior. Respondents from companies with codes of ethics (n = 465) rated role set members (top management, supervisors, peers, subordinates, self) as more ethical and felt more encouraged and supported for ethical behavior than respondents from companies without codes (n = 301). Key aspects of the organizational climate, such as supportiveness for ethical behavior, freedom to act ethically, and satisfaction with the outcome of ethical problems were impacted by the presence of an ethics code. The mere presence of a code of ethics appears to have a positive impact on perceptions of ethical behavior in organizations, even when respondents cannot recall specific content of the code. 相似文献
8.
This paper presents the results of a national study of the beliefs and perceptions of small business professionals concerning ethics within their company and business in general. The study examined their views on the relationship between success and ethical conduct as well as the extent and nature of ethical conflicts experienced by the respondents. Some comparisons are made with similar studies that have been conducted in the past. Respondents have the most ethical conflicts with customers and employees, and with regard to honesty in contracts/agreements. Most also believe that ethical standards are lower than they were 10 and 20 years ago, primarily because society's moral standards are lower. Additionally, they believe that the behavior of top management has the most influence on decisions in ethical situations. Finally, consistent with prior studies, they believe that they have the most responsibility to customers, ahead of employees and stockholders. 相似文献
9.
This article is the result of an empirical research project analyzing the decision behaviour of Austrian managers in ethical
dilemma situations. While neoclassical economic theory would suggest a pure economic rational basis for management decisions,
the empirical study conducted by the authors put other concepts to a test, thereby analyzing their importance for managerial
decision making: specific notions of fairness, reciprocal altruism, and commitment. After reviewing some of the theoretical
literature dealing with such notions, the article shows the results of an online survey working with scenarios depicting ethical
dilemma situations. By judging such scenarios the respondents showed their preference for the named concepts, though with
different degrees of confirmation. The results (with all limitations of an online survey in mind) support the theoretical
work on the named concepts: Fairness elements (including Rawlsian principles of justice and an understanding of fairness as
conceived by a reference transaction) play a major part in management decisions in ethical dilemma situations. Also, commitment
as a behaviour that sticks to rules even if personal welfare is negatively touched, and reciprocal altruism as a cooperative
behaviour that expects a reciprocal beneficial action from other persons have been concepts used by Austrian managers when
analyzing ethical dilemmas. The article also tries to put the results into a comparative perspective by taking into account
other studies on ethical decision factors conducted with, e.g. medical doctors or journalists, and by discussing intercultural
implications of business ethics. 相似文献
10.
Shane Premeaux 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,85(1):13-25
The current linkages between ethical theory and management behavior are investigated in the wake of the much-publicized convictions
of Enron executives. The vignettes used in this investigation represent ethical dilemmas in the areas of coercion and control,
conflict of interest, physical environment, and personal integrity. Since 2003, and after the successful prosecution of Enron
executives, the link between ethical philosophy and management behavior has shifted somewhat dramatically. There has been
a significant change in the rational basis for managerial decision making. In 2003, even after the Enron scandal was publicized,
practitioners still relied heavily on both act and rule utilitarian ethical philosophies when making business decisions. Currently,
the majority of respondents are likely to select ethically appropriate actions based on either rule utilitarian or rights
rationales. It appears that ethical behavior is now more in line with ethical rhetoric, which may positively impact the ethical
climate of business decision making. Apparently, business scandals of the past did not really impact actual ethical behavior
much, but the high-profile prosecutions, convictions, and jail sentences may have impressed on managers that now is the time
to incorporate ethics into business decisions. 相似文献
11.
This study investigated employee perceptions of ethical climates in a sample of Russian organizations and the relationship between ethical climate and behaviors believed to characterize successful managers. A survey of managerial employees in Russia (n = 136) indicates that "rules" was the most reported and "independence" was the least reported ethical climate type. Those who perceived a strong link between success and ethical behavior report high levels of a "caring" climate and low levels of an "instrumental" climate. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed. 相似文献
12.
J. R. C. Kuntz J. R. Kuntz Detelin Elenkov Anna Nabirukhina 《Journal of Business Ethics》2013,113(2):317-331
The primary purpose of this study was to explore the unique impact of individual differences (e.g. gender, managerial experience), social culture, ethical leadership, and ethical climate on the manner in which individuals analyse and interpret an organisational scenario. Furthermore, we sought to explore whether the manner in which a scenario is initially interpreted by respondents (i.e. as a legal issue, ethical issue, and/or ethical dilemma) influenced subsequent recognition of the relevant stakeholders involved and the identification of intra- and extra-organisational variables significant to the scenario depicted. Data for this study were anonymously collected from professional samples in Russia (Moscow region) and in New Zealand. Findings show a strong effect of social culture (i.e. working in New Zealand or working in Russia) on the manner in which respondents characterised the scenario, on the experience of ethical climate and ethical leadership in their organisations, and on the ability to identify intra- and extra-organisational variables responsible for the situation presented in the scenario, above and beyond other individual and contextual factors. 相似文献
13.
Bridging Ethics and Self Leadership: Overcoming Ethical Discrepancies Between Employee and Organizational Standards 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In spite of extensive study and efforts to improve business ethics and increase corporate social responsibility, a quick review of almost any business publication will show that breaches of ethics are a common occurrence in the business community. In this paper we explore reasons for potential discrepancies or gaps between organizational and individual ethical standards, the consequences of such discrepancies, and possible methods of reducing the detrimental effects of these differences. The concept of self-leadership, as constructed through social learning theory is examined, and shown to be a potentially valuable tool for employees' use in making reasoned decisions in varying organizational ethical climates. Specifically, the authors will show how the practice of self-leadership can be employed as an important means to improve moral action within the firm. 相似文献
14.
This study investigates the ethical climate types presented in the Korean tourism industry, the differences in the perceptions
of these ethical climate types based on individual/organizational characteristics, and the influence of ethical climate types
based on job satisfaction/organizational commitment. Empirical findings of this study identify six ethical climate types and
demonstrate significant difference and significant influence of the proposed relationships. This research contributes to the
existing body of academic work by using empirical data collected from 820 respondents across 14 companies within the Korean
tourism industry, to demonstrate the relationship between actual ethical climate types and ethical climate related factors.
The findings of this study identify the new factor ‹moral caring,’ which describes an environment characterized by decisions
that maximize collective interest, but based on an individual employee’s personal values and ethics. Such a factor has important
implications for the service industry, where face-to-face encounters typify the relationship between employee and consumer. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the attitudes of Portuguese chartered accountants with respect to questions
of ethical nature that can arise in their professional activity. Respondents were asked to respond to the Ethics Position
Questionnaire developed by Forsyth (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
39(1), 175–184, 1980), in order to determine their idealism and relativism levels. Subsequently, they answered questions about five scenarios
related to accounting practices, with the objective of measuring their ethical judgments. Based on the idealism and relativism
levels of our respondents, they were classified into one of four groups, representing different ethical ideologies (absolutism,
exceptionism, subjectivism, and situationism). The results indicated that age was the major determinant of relativism. Contrary
to previous research, older respondents revealed themselves significantly more relativistic than younger ones. Gender seems
to be the most important determinant of ethical judgments; against expectations, men evidenced significantly stricter judgments
than women in two of the five scenarios. Findings also indicated that respondents’ ethical judgments did not differ significantly
based on their ethical ideology, supporting the idea that ethical ideology is not an important determinant of ethical judgments. 相似文献
16.
Rafik I. Beekun Ramda Hamdy James W. Westerman Hassan R. HassabElnaby 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,82(3):587-605
In this comparative survey of 191 Egyptian and 92 U.S. executives, we explore the relationship between national culture and
ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument,
we examine how differences on two of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, individualism/collectivism, and power distance,
are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Egypt and the U.S. provide an interesting
comparison because of the extreme differences in their economies and related business development. Our results indicate that
respondents from the U.S, individualistic and low in power distance, were likely to view the decision making outcome in ethics
scenarios as more unethical than the more collectivistic and high power distance Egyptians, when applying ethical criteria
based on justice, utilitarianism, relativism, and (contrary to our predictions) egoism. However, we also found that both Egyptians
and Americans rely on justice, utilitarianism, and relativism in predicting their intentions to behave ethically, and that
Americans substitute egoism for justice, when the behavioral intentions of peers are examined. 相似文献
17.
Utilizing Rest's moral development and Victor and Cullen's ethical climate surveys, we examine differences in moral reasoning and ethical climate between board members in the for-profit and not-for-profit sectors. Six for-profit corporations and seven not-for-profit corporations, all with base operations in a major midwestern state, participated in the study. We find that profit and not-for-profit boards may not differ in moral reasoning, but do exhibit different types of ethical climates. We also find that for-profit board members may utilize higher stages of reasoning a greater percentage of the time than not-for-profit directors. In contrast, the ethical climates of the two types of organizations are significantly different. For-profit companies had climates higher in egoism than did not-for-profit companies. In addition, not-for-profit firms reflected higher benevolence factors than for-profit firms. Not-forprofit organizations also had somewhat higher, but not significantly different, mean scores on the principle factor compared to the for-profit organizations. 相似文献
18.
Aviva Geva 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,69(2):133-147
This paper develops a typology of moral problems in business. The cross-classification of two fundamental dimensions of ethical conduct: judgment and motivation, is employed to distinguish four types of moral problems: genuine dilemmas, compliance problems, moral laxity, and no-problem problems. Actual cases are brought to illustrate each type of problem, and corresponding coping strategies are presented. The paper highlights the need to design a dynamic strategy that will take into account the relationships among different types of ethical problems. In its capacities as both an analytical tool for identifying and clarifying an ethical problem and a strategic tool for handling it, the typology has direct implications for developing ethical awareness, assigning accountability, and unfolding typical rationalizations in business activity.Aviva Geva is senior lecturer in the Open University of Israel, with a Ph.D. in Business Administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The author of two text books and a monograph (in Hebrew) relating to business ethics and consumer behavior, she has also published a number of articles on issues of attitude change and moral decision making in business. 相似文献
19.
Recent accounting scandals involving the collapse of large corporate firms have brought into question the adequacy of ethics
education within accounting programs. This paper investigates the ethical decisions of accountancy students and in particular
analyses the effect of group (as opposed to individual) decision-making on ethical decisions. Final year accountancy students (sample size of 165) were randomly allocated into
two experimental conditions. The participants were then presented with five (5) ethical vignettes. One experimental condition
involved completing the ethical decisions as individuals (60). The other involved completing the ethical decision-making as
a group of 3–4 participants (34). A consistent pattern of behaviour was observed in the analysis of individual versus group
responses. Individuals displayed stronger tendencies than groups to take the extreme actions of acting either unethically
or ethically (whistleblowing), whereas groups displayed stronger tendencies to take the safer (neutral) options. It was concluded
that groups reached consensus decisions, in an ethical context, probably as a result of peer pressure. The significant implication
of this finding is in relation to the emphasis accounting programs place on group work. Group work may enhance students’ abilities
to work as a team. However, as revealed in this study’s results, group work may not be an effective means of producing the
optimal decision in all subject matter areas, especially complex areas such as ethical decision-making. 相似文献
20.
Many models of (un)ethical decision making assume that people decide rationally and are in principle able to evaluate their decisions from a moral point of view. However, people might behave unethically without being aware of it. They are ethically blind. Adopting a sensemaking approach, we argue that ethical blindness results from a complex interplay between individual sensemaking activities and context factors. 相似文献