浅析联合国与世界银行的关系

联合国与世界银行之间关系平行,这不仅体现在法律层面,也体现在实践层面。两组织关系的主要特点是——有限合作,合作的范围广、渠道多,但深度浅,合作基本限于功能领域,世界银行在政治领域一般持有自己的立场。两组织之间既相互合作又相互斗争,这也是南北关系的一种体现。     

加快推动形成世界级城市群

“当我们在审视长江三角洲地区时,一个巨大的都市群正在形成,它包括江苏、浙江、上海等三省市,并具有1．4亿的人口。”从日本东京大学教授大西隆的陈述中,不难感受到所有外国经济观察者在面对中国长三角这一“世界第六大城市群”时都会油然而生的一种感慨：复杂的欣赏与合理的担忧。     

世界饭店业的形成与发展

古代客栈起源于古罗马时期 ,是专门为客商和旅行者提供食宿的场所。 10 95年开始历时 2 0 0年的“十字军东征”带来了巨大的社会变革 ,加强了东西方文化和技术的交流 ,促进了经济贸易的发展 ,推动了客栈业的兴起 ,其特点是点多、面广、规模小、设备简陋。美国近代工业革命运动的蓬勃发展 ,使贸易与旅游业兴旺 ,带动了近代商业饭店业的飞跃式发展 ,呈现出规模化、多元服务化和科学管理的特点。二战结束后 ,美国以民主、自由、平等、开放为口号 ,为美国现代饭店业的发展提供了巨大的空间。分析以美国为代表的世界现代饭店业的创新和发展 ,对中国饭店业之未来发展具有积极的借鉴意义。     

Shares of the Rich and the Rest in the World Economy: Income Divergence Between Nations, 1820–2030

This paper analyses the forces determining per capita income levels of nations over the past millennium and the prospects to 2030. In the year 1000, Asian countries were in the lead. By 1820, per capita gross domestic product in Western Europe and the USA was twice the Asian average. The divergence had grown much bigger by 1950, but by the 1970s, several Asian countries – Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore – had achieved considerable catch-up. Since then, there has been a major surge in China and the beginning of a similar phenomenon in India. As a result, the Asian share of world income has risen steadily and, by 2030, will be fairly close to what it was in 1820. I conclude by comparing my projections for 2030 with those of Goldman Sachs, Perkins and Rawski, and Fogel.     

市场倾向的发展中国家的官僚责任制悖论

这篇文章的焦点集中在发展中国家的国家性质最近发生的以市场为取向变化以及官僚责任制发生的相应转变.该文章主要观点如下:最近,在发展中国家的国家角色出现了市场取向变化的情况下,大多数政体的官僚机构借着更高效率、更大透明性和责任性的名义,进行了商……     

Financial Insecurity in a World of Plenty

Abstract

The U.S. economy is addicted to the simulative impacts of household borrowing. Household debt has grown dramatically since the 1990s and has served to mitigate the detrimental effects of stagnant household wages. The accumulation of this debt has also had the macroeconomic impact of stimulating the economy, pushing it closer towards full employment. However does full employment stimulated by household indebtedness actually represent economic progress? It is argued that even the poorest citizen in a modern industrialized society is better off than a king of feudal Europe, yet in the United States such material prosperity is often tied to social insecurity thanks to debt. The growth of this debt has been enabled by a financial system that has evolved dramatically over the past forty years. The U.S. financial system’s primary role is no longer to finance investment but is rather a tool that enables a separation of ownership from use. Debt has fueled corporate profits which have enriched the shareholding class while at the same time the system has reduced the financial security of the majority of workers. This article crystalizes these issues by analyzing the differentials in financial circumstances faced by workers and shareholders in several major U.S. firms.     

Complexities of Decentralization in a Globalizing World

In many developing countries, decentralization programmes for natural resource management aim to induce incentives for sustainable resource management at the local level. The effectiveness of such programmes has, however, suffered from weak property rights to the resource and by the presence of externalities. Growing economic integration among countries has exacerbated these problems by increasing the exposure of local user groups to commercial actors interested in resource extraction. In this paper, the interplay of decentralization and globalization in affecting environmental outcomes and community welfare is analysed through a game-theoretic model of community-firm interactions. The results highlight the complexities of policy design. First, by raising the extractive value of the resource, globalization may lead to communities negotiating resource extraction agreements with firms. Second, with a lack of effective state enforcement of community resource rights, communities may be unable to assume de facto ownership over the resource, while commercial actors succeed in exploiting resources without community consent. No single policy option provides a panacea to counteracting these negative effects. Instead, a mix of policies, combining incentive payments along with the provision of more secure property rights and poverty alleviation is shown to have the potential to improve both environmental outcomes and community welfare.     

Trade Liberalization in Agriculture in Developed Nations and Incidence of Child Labour in a Developing Economy

This paper is an attempt to analyse the consequence of trade liberalization in agriculture in the developed countries on the incidence of child labour in a developing economy in terms of a three‐sector general equilibrium model with informal sectors. Adult labour and child labour are substitutes for each other in the two informal sectors of the economy and are used together apart from capital in producing two exportable commodities. The interesting result that appears from the analysis is that agricultural trade liberalization in the developed countries may be effective in bringing down the incidence of child labour in the system. The paper substantiates the desirability of trade liberalization in agriculture in the developed nations from the perspective of the developing economies for reasons other than welfare improvement.     

Location and the Growth of Nations

Does a country‘s long-term growth depend on what happensin countries that are nearby? Such linkages could occur for avariety of reasons, including demand and technology spillovers.We present a series of tests to determine the existence of suchrelationships and the forms that they might take. We find thata country‘s growth rate is closely related to that of nearbycountries and show that this correlation reflects more than theexistence of common shocks. Trade alone does not appear responsiblefor these linkages either. In addition, we find that being neara large market contributes to growth.     

论西方国家金融监管的新趋势

金融自由化并没有否定金融监管的一般基础和特殊基础,相反,它增添了多事监管的现实基础。金融自由化使得以往的监管方式陷入严重的困境。为了保证多事体系的稳定,西方国家纷纷在金融监管技术、金融监管哲学、金融监管模式、金融安全网、金融法律制度以及金融监管的国际协调合作方面进行了调整。     

Financing Higher Education in a Mobile World

This paper analyzes how integrated labor markets affect the financing of higher education. For this, we employ a general‐equilibrium model with overlapping generations and individuals who differ in their abilities. At the first stage, governments can choose the quality of education and the financing system. At the second stage, individuals make their education and migration decisions given the governmental framework for higher education and the mobility assumptions. In a closed economy and in the presence of imperfect credit markets, a mix of tax‐ and fee‐financing is optimal. In integrated labor markets, countries have an incentive to attract skilled workers and to free‐ride on education provided by other countries. When only skilled workers are mobile, there is a suboptimal shift from taxes to fees and the number of students is too low. When also students can migrate, there is a countervailing force such that maintaining the optimal financial mix becomes possible.     

发展中国家农村金融市场的创新

农村金融市场的供求矛盾在许多发展中国家普遍存在。经过多年的摸索,一些国家成功地在金融产品和金融服务方面进行了创新,在一定程度上解决了这一问题,他们的经验对于我们具有一定的启发作用。     

Horizontal Mergers in a Liberalizing World Economy

This paper is concerned with the effect of horizontal mergers in an open economy environment. It is found that, with the presence of economies of scale and imperfect competition, a domestic merger may bring about an additional gain to the country in that it shifts profit from foreign to domestic firms. Consequently, the condition on the degree of economies of scale for permitting domestic horizontal mergers would be weaker under an open economy than under a closed economy. Furthermore, the analysis shows that such mergers can also raise foreign welfare. Finally, the model is used to discuss the need to coordinate merger policies among trading partners in tandem with trade liberalization.     

The League of Nations covenant and the United Nations charter: An analysis of two international constitutions

This paper uses the principles of constitutional economics to analyze the evolution of two international constitutions, the League of Nations Covenant and the United Nations Charter. A graphical model is used to illustrate the formation and success of the international organizations created by these documents. This paper concludes that there were two factors that resulted in the failure of the League. They were the redistribution of power in favor of the smaller nations and the free-rider problem caused by the non-binding nature of the League's decisions. Amendments were proposed to the League's Covenant which may have fixed these problems, but they were never ratified. The reasons for the failure of the League had a strong influence on the wording of the U.N. Charter. The analysis in this paper is an extension of the tools provided by constitutional economics, which have mostly been applied to national constitutions. The author would like to thank Bruce L. Benson, Charles J. Barrilleaux, Stefan C. Norrbin, three anonymous referees of this journal, and especially Randall G. Holcombe for helpful comments and suggestions. Any shortcomings remain the responsibility of the author.