技术冲击与中国经济周期波动

本文基于一个较为一般的动态一般均衡框架,从理论上探讨了技术冲击的长期影响。以此为基础,我们使用SVAR方法识别出导致中国经济周期波动的技术冲击,并且估计了它们对产出和通胀的动态影响,以及对二者波动的贡献率。结果发现,技术冲击虽然是中国经济周期波动的主要成因,但其贡献要远小于现有的其他实证结果。     

中国经济周期波动的制度冲击效应分析

经济制度变革成为中国宏观经济经历的影响最深远的整体性、持久性的外生冲击之一,制度变动的冲击对我国经济周期的变动特征产生了深刻的影响。文章运用经济计量方法对制度冲击改变我国经济周期特征进行了检验,并通过市场化程度、非国有化水平和开放度三个制度冲击变量检验了其与我国经济周期波动的相关性,其结论证明在我国受政治背景的影响而出台的重大的经济制度改革对经济的发展影响巨大而深远,制度变动冲击对经济的周期变动的方向及程度起到了较大的决定作用。     

Oil-Price Shocks: Beyond Standard Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Analysis

The author explores the problems of portraying oil-price shocks using the aggregate demand/aggregate supply model. Although oil-price shocks are the most commonly cited examples of aggregate supply shocks, they violate the model's assumption of constant relative prices (as acknowledged by the label, “oil-price shocks”). The resulting problems are effectively masked in textbook presentations by implicitly assuming that the supply shocks occur in a closed economy. However, the typical discussion is glaringly inaccurate when discussing the effects of oil-price shocks on oil-rich countries. Thus, the cogency of the standard model's representation of oil-price shocks on open economies is compromised. A simple modification of the model that differentiates between production and absorption goods enables it to better reflect the effects of oil-price shocks on open economies.     

体制转轨、经济增长与周期波动:理论及实证

笔者建立一个理论模型,深入探讨体制转轨、经济增长与周期波动之间相互作用的机制,并通过实证分析加以验证。研究结果表明:(1)在体制转轨过程中,长期经济增长主要由民间投资拉动,而政府投资不会对长期经济增长产生显著影响;(2)国有制企业的投资冲动越小,国有制企业与私有制企业经济活动波动程度的差异就越小,对经济周期波动的冲击也就越小;(3)国有制经济成分占国民经济的比重越小,对经济周期波动的冲击就越小。     

Empirical determination of aggregate demand and supply curves: The example of the RWI Business Cycle Model

Macroeconometric models are often criticised for being too complex and difficult to read in theoretical terms. To overcome these difficulties, Hickman suggested the calculation of a model's implicit aggregate demand/supply (AD/AS) structure. The method helps to understand models and their main properties in theoretical terms and facilitates detailed model comparisons. This paper uses the AD/AS–IS/LM apparatus to analyse the simulation properties of the RWI (Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung) Business Cycle Model, a medium-sized short-term macroeconometric model for Germany. The results confirm theoretical expectations for AD and AS elasticities and reveal particular reactions linked to peculiar model specifications such as an endogenous government sector. The results are also much in line with a previous study in a multi-country model context.     

中国经济周期的“双重性波动”:理论与实证分析——基于市场成长的视角

本文将我国的经济波动分为市场性波动和体制性波动两个方面,二者共同构成了转轨时期我国经济周期波动的非典型特征:由大起大落向高位收敛转变。据此,本文通过研究得出下述结论:(1)体制性波动是导致我国经济周期呈现出大起大落的重要因素;(2)体制性波动的减弱和市场性波动的增强导致了我国的经济周期从大起大落向高位收敛转变;(3)市场性波动在风险和信息方面所引起的波动要显著性的小于体制性波动。本文的实证分析也证明了上述结论。最后,本文得出结论并指出了进一步的研究方向。     

Real Business Cycle Models: An Introduction

In this article we present a simple real business cycle (RBC) model, in order to show that these models capture many of the features of business cycles in the real economy. While these models are very abstract, we argue that they are a useful way of thinking about the macro-economy. RBC models have also been influential in refocusing attention on supply issues in macroeconomics, after a long postwar focus on aggregate demand management in Australia and most other western economies. Policies such as structural reform and labour market reform are clearly aimed at influencing the supply side of the economy and productivity, and can be understood within the framework of RBC theory. RBC models have developed rapidly recently, yet there remains a good deal of misunderstanding about the methods and aims of these models. In this article we present a review of the literature and examine a simple model, using graphical techniques, to clarify some issues. We also argue that these models, while having limitations, have caused a fruitful re-examination of supply issues in economics, after the almost exclusive focus on aggregate demand in macroeconomics until the late 1970s.     

中国出口贸易增长波动的实证分析——基于经济周期理论视角

随着中国出口的高速增长,出口增长波动日趋明显。基于经济周期理论,借助HP滤波法从总体和结构两个角度分析中国的出口增长波动,结果表明:中国出口波动整体呈现向上扩张趋势且波动日趋明显。其中,原料密集型产品出口增长速度最慢,劳动密集型产品出口增长持续性最强;资本密集型产品部门出口增长扩张收缩能力最强,增长最不稳定;易模仿的研发密集型产品出口增长最快,难模仿的研发密集型产品出口增长速度较快;总出口增长和结构增长的误差修正模型分析表明,总出口增长波动和五类产品出口增长波动之间存在长期均衡关系,但短期可能出现失衡。     

Empirical Evidence on the Austrian Business Cycle Theory

The Austrian business cycle theory suggests that a monetary shock disturbs relative prices, such as the term structure of interest rates, systematically altering profit rates across economic sectors. Resource use responds to those changes, generating a cyclical pattern of real income. The divergence of the interest rate structure, from the previous and unchanged time preferences, means that the expansion is unsustainable and must end in recession. Quarterly data for eight U.S. business cycles, 1950:1 through 1991:1 are standardized by time period and used to explore business cycle facts and relations between money, interest rates, capacity utilization and income. Results are consistent with the hypotheses of the Austrian theory of a business cycle caused by a monetary shock and propagated by relative price changes.     

中国产出冲击持久性影响的实证分析

产出冲击持久性影响的检验和估计是国外研究的热点.本文采集1952-2004年中国实际GDP数据,采用基于ARMA模型的脉冲反应函数的方法估计了中国产出冲击持久性影响的衡量指数.结果表明,整个样本期间产出冲击持久性影响的衡量指数为0.959,改革前和改革后这一指数分别为0.754和3.314,说明冲击对产出的影响具有持久性,但整个样本期间和改革前这种影响会被缩小,而改革后这种影响则会被放大.这些结果对宏观调控政策的操作具有一定意义.     

Rationalizing the Political Business Cycle: A Workhorse Model

An incumbent policymaker has incentives to expand the money supply prior to elections to stimulate the economy and thereby further her chances of re-election. In its original formulation, the Nordhaus political business cycle hypothesis relies on adaptive inflation expectations and naive retrospective voting.
This article develops a simple model of a political cycle in inflation and output growth, assuming rational inflation expectations and rational retrospective voting. Voter scrutiny of the incumbent's economic performance has policy and selection effects, with ambiguous consequences for welfare: the policymaker manipulates the money supply for electoral purposes, but an incumbent of above average quality is more likely to remain in office.     

经济周期协动性的影响因素分析——基于中国与其东亚贸易伙伴的实证研究

影响中国(大陆)与其贸易伙伴之间的经济周期协动性变化的因素主要包括双边贸易强度、产业内贸易、外国直接投资、金融开放度、产业结构相似度、财政政策协调、货币政策协调、汇率政策等。运用混合最小二乘法对1992-2009年中国(大陆)及其贸易伙伴共14个国家和地区的面板数据进行实证分析,结果显示:中国与其他亚洲经济体的协动性主要受到产业内贸易强度和产业结构相似度这两个因素的影响。因此,政府应该有针对性地调整相关政策以更好地应对外部冲击。     

Cyclicality and Sectoral Linkages: Aggregate Fluctuations from Independent Sectoral Shocks

The traditional argument against the relevance of sector-specific shocks for the aggregate phenomenon of business cycles invokes the law of large numbers: positive shocks in some sectors are offset by negative shocks in other sectors. This paper hypothesizes that cancellation of sector-specific shocks via the law of large numbers is affected by interactions among producing sectors. The analysis is performed within the context of a multisector model similar in spirit to that of Long and Plosser [J. Polit. Econ.91(1983), 39–69]. It is shown that the rate at which the law of large numbers applies is controlled by the rate of increase in the number offullrows in the input-use matrix rather than by the rate of increase in the total number of sectors. Investigations of actual input-use matrices from the U.S. economy reveal that the number of full rows increases much slower than the total number of rows upon disaggregation, and when these input-use matrices are used to parameterize the model, aggregate volatility from sectoral shocks declines at less than half the rate implied by the law of large numbers. This finding leaves open the possibility that a sizeable portion of aggregate volatility is caused by “smaller” shocks to individual sectors. Simple statistics calculated from the model indicate that as much as 80% the volatility in U.S. gross domestic product growth rates could be the result of independent shocks to two-digit Standard Industrial Code sectors.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: E1, E32, C67.     

外部冲击对金砖国家通货膨胀的传递效应——基于SVAR模型的实证分析

对外部冲击,主要是国际能源价格冲击和汇率冲击,对金砖国家内部物价水平的传递效应的检验表明:外部冲击对金砖国家物价水平的传导是滞后和不完全的;对金砖国家生产者价格指数的传递率高于对消费者价格指数的传递率;在金砖国家中实行管理浮动汇率制度的国家,外部冲击对生产者物价指数变化的解释力高于实行自由浮动汇率制度的国家,主要体现在其国际能源价格冲击的高解释力上;然而在对消费者指数变化的解释力上,则实行自由浮动汇率制度的国家表现得更强.这些结论与使用子样本数据和改变变量次序时也一致.     

国际原油价格波动对我国工业品出厂价格的影响——基于行业层面的实证分析

随着我国石油消费量和进口量的不断增长,国际原油价格的波动对我国经济的影响越来越大。基于38个行业的月度数据,本文详细分析了2003年1月-2009年2月国际原油价格波动对我国PPI指数的影响,研究发现:尽管为了降低国际油价对国内经济的冲击,政府仍对成品油定价体制实行部分调控,但国际原油价格的波动对我国PPI指数仍具有重要影响,尤其是生产资料价格以及石化行业等高耗能行业,而这主要与各行业的能源消费总量和能源利用效率有关。为此,我国应加快国内成品油定价体制改革,实施有效的产业政策,以促使各行业提高其能源利用效率,并最终有效地降低国际油价波动给我国经济带来的价格效应。     

我国经济周期波动的非对称性和持续性研究

本文利用1979年至2004年之间中国GDP季度数据,采用三区制马尔可夫均值和方差转移的二阶自回归(MSMV(3)-AR(2))模型和贝叶斯Gibbs抽样非参数估计方法,对我国经济周期波动的非对称性和持续性进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,MSMV(3)-AR(2)模型对我国经济状况提供了很好的拟合,显著支持增长率序列具有三区制状态:低速增长阶段,适速增长阶段和高速增长阶段。我国经济周期的非对称性主要体现在各个增长阶段的均值、方差、阶段性之间的转移概率的不同。我国经济周期的持续性主要体现在各个增长阶段的自维持概率和阶段性之间的转移概率的不同。此外,我国经济"适速增长阶段"的稳定性最高,"高速增长阶段"的平均持续期最长。     

财政规模决定:一个经验模型

在借鉴国外财政规模实证分析建模方法的基础上,我们重新澄清了研究中国财政规模决定的逻辑起点和理论建模方向.文章认为,工业化、城市化、人口结构等市场内生变量不能较好地解释20世纪70年代末以来我国财政规模的演变;相反,揭示我国经济社会转型的外生制度变量--经济分权和财政分权,连同显示市场交易总规模的国民收入变量,能够较好地解释这种变化.在理论上,作者所构建的简单计量模型分离出了市场与政府之间的替代效应和互补效应,前者反映了市场边界与政府边界的重新界定,后者反映了财政学中广为人知的"瓦格纳定律".诚然,沿着这一基本思路还有大量的工作要做.     

The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: the Aggregate Evidence

Two key facts about European unemployment must be explained: the rise in unemployment since the 1960s, and the heterogeneity of individual country experiences. While adverse shocks can potentially explain much of the rise in unemployment, there is insufficient heterogeneity in these shocks to explain cross-country differences. Alternatively, while explanations focusing on labour market institutions explain current heterogeneity well, many of these institutions pre-date the rise in unemployment. Based on a panel of institutions and shocks for 20 OECD nations since 1960 we find that the interaction between shocks and institutions is crucial to explaining both stylised facts.