国际资本流动对中国货币政策影响的实证研究

在开放经济的"三元冲突"中,中国选择了固定汇率,较严格的资本管制和较大的货币政策独立性,即用少量货币政策独立性的丧失换取有限度的资本流动.但在这种组合下,随着我国资本流动规模的扩大,货币政策独立性也将进一步丧失.对于中国,货币政策的自主权至关重要,除非有能力继续维持更严格的资本管制,我国必须逐步扩大汇率的浮动区间.     

短期跨境资本流动与货币政策独立性—— 基于新兴经济体的实证研究

随着美国等发达经济体非常规货币政策的实施与陆续退出,新兴经济体面临着货币政策独立性挑战。以2001年至2016年间19个新兴经济体的面板数据为样本,运用动态面板GMM方法研究了短期跨境资本规模的变动对其货币政策独立性的影响。研究结果显示:汇率弹性大小和资本账户开放度对货币政策独立性的影响不显著,短期跨境资本流动规模的扩大显著降低了新兴经济体的货币政策独立性。这表明新兴经济体在面临跨境资本监管难题的情况下,中心国家货币政策通过影响跨境资本流动传递信号,进而影响他国信贷规模和杠杆率,浮动汇率制并不能保证货币政策独立。为增强货币政策独立性,新兴经济体应该对跨境资本流动实施审慎监管,并加强与发达经济体之间多层次货币与金融合作。     

中国国际资本流动与货币政策动态关系:1994—2007——基于BGT模型抵消和冲销系数分析

本文通过修正的BGT模型,重新构造净国外资产变化(△NFA)与净国内资产变化(△NDA)变量,同时使用OLS和联立方程方法估计了中国自1994年汇改以来国际资本流动和货币政策之间的定量关系,并采用递归系数方法估计了其动态变化过程。结果显示:中国国际资本流动与货币政策冲突加重,货币政策虽对资本流动冲销力度充分大,但资本流动的抵消效应也十分大,央行货币政策独立性受到很大挑战,央行冲销工具面临无效性难题,正被迫寻找其他措施化解外汇占款。     

中美货币政策变动与国内资产价格调控

后金融危机时代,美国持续量化宽松货币政策所带来的溢出效应已对中国资产价格调整产生实质性影响;美国货币政策变动后可通过利率和国际资本流入进行传导,能直接引起中国股票市场价格的剧烈波动并间接推动房地产价格的上涨;在中国房地产市场正处于深度调控背景下,美国货币政策的进一步放宽将对中国货币政策的适度紧缩形成强烈制约,使中国资产价格调控面临巨大的风险和隐患。     

中央银行独立性、责任性与通货膨胀目标制

近年来不少学者提出,我国货币政策应转向通货膨胀目标制。我国现行的政策实际上正是一种隐性的通货膨胀目标制,20世纪90年代以来所发生的几次通货膨胀偏倚很大程度上是由于央行的独立性不够。鉴于通货膨胀目标制并不能解决当前我国货币政策调控中的问题并可能带来更多的问题,今后货币政策改革应坚持由直接调控向间接调控、由数量型调控向价格型调控的转变思路,在提高央行独立性的同时,增强其责任性并提高货币政策的透明度。     

国际资本流动对我国货币体系的影响及对策

20世纪90年代以来国际资本流动的规模更加庞大,速度更快。在给我国经济发展带来机遇的同时,也给我国的货币体系带来了冲击。我国尚未实现资本项目下的人民币自由兑换,资本流动在我国是受到限制的。我国国际资本流动主要来自于海外直接投资,对我国货币体系的影响主要表现在货币供应量和币值稳定的调控,以及货币政策的独立性受到威胁。本文就如何应对国际资本流动的冲击给出一些见解。     

从"三元悖论" 看人民币汇率制度面临的挑战

西方经济学家在对开放经济的研究中发现，在资本的完全流动条件下，一国的汇率稳定与其货币当局的货币政策独立性将出现明显的冲突。如果一国需要在固定汇率的情况下通过提高利率实行紧缩政策，减少总需求，就会面临国际资金的流入，导致货币政策难以达到效果。而此时只有对资本项目进行管制，才能有效阻隔国外资本流入，此时货币政策的独立性才可以与固定汇率兼得；同样，要在资本自由流动的情况下采取紧缩政策，就必须使汇率放开浮动，通过本币升值使资本的流入减少，从而保证货币政策的独立性（Munde11，1963）。     

资本项目放开条件下的货币政策调控

鉴于加入WTO后五年内要放开金融市场,资本项目可兑换就成为我国迟早要面对的现实问题。资本项目下放开意味着更加频繁和规模巨大的资本流动,既有利于我国扩大利用国际金融资源,也是对中国货币政策调控能力和金融安全的一个严峻考验。因此,完善我国的金融市场,逐步放开利率管制,增加汇率的弹性,健全货币政策调控和监管已成为当务之急。     

"货币政策与资本市场"研讨会综述

长久以来,关于货币政策与资本市场之间的关系,人们所关注的是二者之间的独立性,而很少看重其互动性.为探索货币政策与资本市场之间所隐含的内在联系,2001年12月6日国务院发展研究中心、中南财经政法大学、新华保险公司及新华金融保险学院、资本市场研究所共同发起和举办了题为"货币政策与资本市场"大型全国性研讨会.     

我国货币政策调控工具应从数量型向价格型转变

近年来,我国传统数量型货币政策调控的有效性明显减弱。应推进数量型货币政策工具向价格型货币政策工具转变,以增强我国货币政策的独立性、有效性,保证我国经济的平稳、健康发展。     

Do Capital Controls Enhance Monetary Independence?

International monetary policy trilemma—the tradeoff among exchange rate stability, monetary independence, and unrestricted capital mobility—is an important constraint for policy makers in an open economy. This paper investigates an aspect of the hypothesis that has received relatively less attention: whether a decrease in capital mobility through imposition of capital controls, while holding the degree of exchange rate stability constant, will enhance monetary independence. Using a panel dataset covering 88 countries for the 1995–2010 period and the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation, we find that: (1) capital controls help improve a country's monetary independence; (2) the effectiveness of capital controls depends on the types of assets and the direction of flows that are imposed; and (3) the choice of exchange rate regime has an important impact on the effectiveness of capital controls on monetary independence.     

Understanding the dynamics of the macroeconomic trilemma

This paper tests the autonomy of domestic monetary policy in the context of the macroeconomic policy trilemma for a large data-set of developing and developed countries covering three different time periods characterized with different exchange rate regimes and capital controls. The existing literature uses fixed coefficient methodologies to examine monetary policy independence; whereas we show that the coefficients of interest are unstable as countries switch between different exchange rate regimes and/or capital controls over time. The contribution is in using a time-varying parameter model that better captures the effects of the heterogeneity in different exchange rate regimes and capital mobility restrictions on monetary policy independence over time, allowing a more accurate test of the macroeconomic trilemma.     

International Capital Movement and Monetary Independence in Asia

In this paper, we investigate the extent of monetary independence in a group of ten Asian countries: China, Malaysia, Japan, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong. While the traditional investigation has considered only the bivariate relationship between the home interest rate and the base rate, we employ both single-equation and vector autoregressive representations of the bivariate and the trivariate relationship including the desired (or optimal) interest rate. We find in most countries, that the ranking of monetary independence is relatively consistent across the models and methodologies although model specifications produce important differences for some countries such as Japan, Indonesia, and India. Trilemma suggests that a country cannot accomplish all three policy objectives: monetary independence, exchange rate stability, and free capital mobility. To increase monetary independence a country must choose between greater exchange rate flexibility or a lower degree of capital mobility. The fact that China and Malaysia, the two countries that are known to have imposed the strictest capital controls, consistently rank high in various scenarios while Hong Kong, which has maintained nearly the freest regime in capital markets, is lowest in monetary independence, indicates that perhaps capital controls may play a more important role than does exchange rate flexibility in securing independence in monetary policy making. On the other hand, countries that maintain greater exchange rate stability do not necessarily rank low, unless it is combined with greater capital mobility as in the case of Hong Kong.     

开放进程中的货币政策目标和汇率制度选择

20世纪80年代以后,理论研究对货币政策目标和汇率制度选择问题进行了新的诠释,国际经验为此提供了实证支持。应用于中国的现实情况,在开放和发展进程中,不完全的资本流动性、现实经济中的多重政策目标以及宏观经济内外失衡之间的传导机制,使得中国在实施货币政策的同时,应该而且能够维持汇率的相对稳定性。     

人民币汇率、国际资本流动与货币政策有效性研究*——基于修正BGT模型的实证分析

本文采用修正的BGT模型,实证研究了国际资本流动影响因素以及央行在面对国内外资本市场波动、金融体系变迁等情形下,货币政策实施方式及其效果。结果显示,随着意愿结售汇制度的实行和人民币汇率弹性的增强,央行的货币自主性得以加强;在开放环境下,国际资本流动受国内外利差、资本市场溢价、货币政策及汇率制度和外汇管理制度的影响。面对这些国内外冲击,央行进行了央票冲销或调整准备金率等的反向货币政策操作,以实现货币政策目标。     

当前汇率制度下中国的货币政策效应分析

在中国当前的汇率制度下,外汇储备持续增加,使得基础货币投放量被动增加,进而导致了经济中流动性过剩问题.提高货币政策独立性的根本途径在于汇率制度改革:完善中国汇率形成的市场机制,培育相对均衡汇率;深化中国外汇管理体制改革,有序开放资本市场;汇率制度改革要与其他政策改革配合协调.     

The political economy of the impossible trinity

This paper reconsiders the policy trilemma in an open economy by incorporating political economy concerns. We argue that the impact of government ideology on monetary independence, exchange rate stability, and capital flow restrictions should be analyzed in the broader context of restrictions imposed by the impossible trinity instead of the usual single-dimensional constraints. Employing a de facto measurement of these restrictions for a sample of 111 countries from 1980 to 2010, we show that the impact of government ideology on a country's position in this trilemma is highly context dependent: we find that its impact on exchange rate stability and monetary independence varies between developed and developing countries. We also show that the impact of government ideology on these two trilemma components is contingent on the stance of the respective economy's business cycle. Left-leaning governments seem to favor exchange rate stability over monetary independence in case of a negative output gap; suggesting a reversal of their commonly assumed partisan preferences in economically tight times.     

美联储量化宽松政策对全球资产价格的非平衡溢出效应

本文采用全局向量自回归模型分析了美联储QE对采用不同货币政策框架、汇率制度和资本流动管理制度国家和地区的不同影响。“货币政策钉住货币供应量+宽松钉住汇率制度+资本账户可兑换”的国家其货币政策应兼顾本国物价水平稳定，同时加强宏观审慎政策对资产价格的逆周期调节，避免出现实体经济紧缩而金融繁荣的现象。“货币政策钉住通货膨胀+浮动汇率+资本账户可兑换”的国家应强化宏观审慎政策对资产价格的调节以应对金融资产泡沫。     

RE-EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STABILISATION POLICY

This paper develops an alternative international macroeconomic model for evaluating the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in stabilising national income under fixed and floating exchange rates. It encompasses national output and income, saving, investment, money and capital flows and linkages between the exchange rate, price levels and real interest rates consistent with international parity conditions. It demonstrates that the nature of government spending is pivotal to the effectiveness of fiscal policy, revealing that, ceteris paribus , higher public consumption expenditure contracts national income and depreciates the exchange rate, whereas higher productive public investment spending has opposite effects. The framework also shows that the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy as macroeconomic policy instruments is not ultimately dependent on the exchange rate regime.