控股股东股权质押与资本结构调整——基于控制权转移风险视角

控股股东作为公司重大决议的决策和参与主体,其股权结构变化对公司资本结构动态调整的影响关系仍不明朗。本文以2010-2021年A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了控股股东股权质押与公司资本结构调整之间的关系。研究发现：控股股东股权质押显著抑制了公司资本结构的调整速度。进一步分析控制权转移风险的影响机理发现,控股股东股权质押对公司资本结构调整速度的抑制关系在非国有控股企业、股价崩盘风险高时以及东部地区更加显著。最后,研究发现盈余管理会促进控股股东股权质押与公司资本结构调整速度之间的负相关关系。本文研究结论拓展了资本结构动态调整的影响因素研究,从控股股东层面为厘清资本结构优化过程提供了新的解释。     

交叉上市提高了我国A股市场股价信息含量了吗?

利用2010—2019年我国A股上市公司数据,实证检验了交叉上市对我国资本市场股价信息含量的影响.研究发现,交叉上市有利于提高我国资本市场股价信息含量,降低股价同步性,该结论在采用Heckman两阶段回归模型以及相关稳健性测试后仍然成立.截面异质性检验发现,交叉上市对股价信息含量的影响在国有企业、会计信息质量较低、有研报关注的上市公司中更为显著.机制检验发现,交叉上市通过提高资本市场股票流动性、投资者关注度进而提高了股价信息含量.研究结论丰富了交叉上市的经济后果,为促进我国资本市场健康发展提供经验借鉴.     

所有权结构、产品市场竞争与股价信息含量

股价信息含量的决定因素研究是目前资本市场领域实证研究的热点问题,本文以2001—2007年间深沪证券交易所上市的制造业公司为研究样本,实证分析了产品市场竞争、所有权结构对股价信息含量的影响。结果表明,有效的产品市场竞争和合理的所有权结构能够提升公司的股价信息含量。而在不同的所有权结构下,产品市场竞争对公司股价信息含量的影响无显著差异。这一研究结论意味着,在中国资本市场公司治理整体上存在着诸多问题,在相应改革进展缓慢这一既定的前提下,虽然市场竞争和所有权结构之间存在互补的关系,市场竞争可以在一定程度上起到约束大股东和管理层的作用,但所有权结构对市场竞争发挥作用的强有力的补充作用没有发挥出来。     

市场环境、股价信息含量与资本配置效率北大核心CSSCI

中国特色的市场环境下,市场化程度会对资本配置效率产生怎样的影响,以及在这样的市场环境中股市信息效率与资本配置效率间的关系又会产生怎样的变化,是值得深入探讨的课题。采用沪深两市A股非金融类上市公司为研究样本,借鉴Wurgler的资本配置效率模型,分别从地区及公司层面探讨中国市场环境下股价信息含量对资本配置效率的影响。实证结果表明,无论是在地区层面还是公司层面,较高的股价信息含量均有助于提升资本配置效率;进一步采用市场化指数检验表明,市场环境在股价信息含量影响资本配置效率中存在显著的调节作用。     

中国上市公司融资选择的市场时机效应——基于股票换手率和股票收益的实证检验

自从市场时机资本结构理论提出以来，国内外学者从理论的解释能力和实用性等方面对这一新兴融资决策理论进行了大量研究，并得出许多有意义的结论。然而目前的实证检验主要基于市值账面比（M／B）指标作为市场时机代理变量，这一指标引起学者们很大争议，研究结论缺乏可靠性。本文根据我国资本市场实际特征选择股票换手率作为市场时机代理变量，实证检验了市场时机与外部融资方式选择的关系，同时引入股票收益变量检验市场时机对资本结构动态变动的综合影响。研究结论显示，换手率在企业权益融资中具有重要作用，换手率较高时企业选择发行更多的股权融资，股票换手率和股票收益均对资本结构变动具有显著的负向影响。这表明我国上市公司确实存在着融资选择的市场时机效应。     

资产误定价与资本结构动态调整——来自中国A股上市公司的经验证据

本文以2003～2016年A股上市公司为研究样本,从资本结构调整速度和资本结构偏离程度两个方面检验了资产误定价对资本结构动态调整的影响,并探讨了其影响路径。研究结果表明:资产误定价显著减小了实际资本结构与目标资本结构的偏离程度,资本结构调整速度也会相应加快;资产误定价通过权益融资方式影响了公司资本结构的动态调整。本文的研究结论为合理利用市场资源、推进供给侧改革和降低企业财务杠杠与融资成本提供了一定参考。     

浅析市场时机资本结构理论

随着全球性的金融海啸,国外学者开始了对资本结构理论的反思和修正,文章综述了基于错误股价的市场时机理论在国外的理论和实证研究,分析存在的争论,总结发展方向。     

新时期国内资本市场的三难选择及平衡对策

本文揭示新时期国内资本市场所面临的三难选择困境,即无法同时满足保持股价稳定、稳健货币政策以及IPO注册制融资三大政策之目标。笔者通过实证分析,模拟资本市场的资金流量运动,剖析三大政策着眼于资本市场资金流量的传导效果,借助资本市场资金流量公式阐明三难选择之成因和一般稳定状态,最终找到新时期国内资本市场三难选择的平衡对策。     

多层次资本市场跨层次资源配置功能研究——来自中国主板和创业板的经验证据

本文在分析多层次资本市场跨层次资源配置功能的作用机理的基础上，实证检验了上层同群公司股价和同层同群公司股价对创业板公司研发投资水平的影响。研究发现，公司的研发投资水平和上层同群公司股价之间的正相关关系强于和同层同群公司股价之间的正相关关系，表明上层同群公司股价主要表现出“机会假说”效应，而同层同群公司股价则同时表现出“机会假说”效应和“竞争假说”效应。异质性分析结果表明，股价信息含量、行业竞争程度、管理者过度自信以及声誉构建动机都会影响公司研发投资水平对同层同群公司股价和上层同群公司股价的敏感性。本文对于更好地设计和改进多层次资本市场，更好地发挥资本市场服务实体经济的功能具有重要意义。     

并购能否带来资本结构的优化?——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

并购通常会引起收购方资本结构的变化,那么企业是否会利用并购的契机优化资本结构呢?本文以2008~2013年间发生并购交易的中国上市公司为样本,通过实证分析,首次发现并证实了上市公司利用并购交易的契机,优化杠杆率、缩小与目标资本结构差距的现象;同时,我们基于Tobit与OLS两种模型度量公司目标资本结构,引入交叉变量回归后发现,"过度负债"企业在交易中会更加注重缩小与目标资本结构的差距,其倾向性和调整程度都显著高于负债较低的企业。     

Asymmetric capital structure adjustments: New evidence from dynamic panel threshold models

We develop a dynamic panel threshold model of capital structure to test the dynamic trade-off theory, allowing for asymmetries in firms' adjustments toward target leverage. Our novel estimation approach is able to consistently estimate heterogeneous speeds of adjustment in different regimes as well as to properly test for the threshold effect. We consider several proxies for adjustment costs that affect the asymmetries in capital structure adjustments and find evidence that firms with large financing imbalance (or a deficit), large investment or low earnings volatility adjust faster than those with the opposite characteristics. Firms not only adjust at different rates but also seem to adjust toward heterogeneous leverage targets. Moreover, we document a consistent pattern that firms undertaking quick adjustment are over-levered with a financing deficit and rely heavily on equity issues to make such adjustment.     

How and When Do Firms Adjust Their Capital Structures toward Targets?

If firms adjust their capital structures toward targets, and if there are adverse selection costs associated with asymmetric information, how and when do firms adjust their capital structures? We suggest a financing needs‐induced adjustment framework to examine the dynamic process by which firms adjust their capital structures. We find that most adjustments occur when firms have above‐target (below‐target) debt with a financial surplus (deficit). These results suggest that firms move toward the target capital structure when they face a financial deficit/surplus—but not in the manner hypothesized by the traditional pecking order theory.     

中国上市公司资本结构的动态目标调整:制度特征导向

本文采集了1994—2004年中国上市公司的相关平行数据,运用动态目标调整模型考察了上市公司的资本结构及其调整过程。模型中不仅包含了企业微观特质因素,而且包含了信息不对称、所有权集中度等制度性因素。实证检验的结果表明从动态模型的视角看,中国上市公司资本结构决策与经典理论的预期在企业微观特质方面表现出一致性,但在制度性层面却出现了背离,这主要是源于制度性力量在中国企业资本结构决策中具有关键的导向作用。中国上市公司资本结构的动态调整中面临相对较高的交易成本,这与当前中国金融市场与金融体制的欠发达状况相关。     

Macroeconomic conditions and capital structure adjustment speed

Using two dynamic partial adjustment capital structure models to estimate the impact of several macroeconomic factors on the speed of capital structure adjustment toward target leverage, we find evidence that firms adjust their leverage toward target faster in good macroeconomic states relative to bad states. This evidence holds whether or not firms are subject to financial constraints. Our results are robust to an alternative method of calculating states and to omitting zero-debt boundary firms and are not driven by firm size, deviation from target, or leverage definitions.     

Incorporating active adjustment into a financing based model of capital structure

The conventional partial adjustment model, which focuses on leverage evolution, has difficulty identifying deliberate capital structure adjustments as it confounds financing decisions with the mechanical autocorrelation of leverage. We propose and estimate a financing-based partial adjustment model that separates the effects of financing decisions on leverage evolution from mechanical evolution. The speed of adjustment (SOA) is firm-specific and stochastic, and active targeting of capital structure has a multiplier effect that depends on the size of financial deficit. Overall, we find expected SOA from active rebalancing (30%) more than doubles what is expected from mechanical mean reversion alone (13%).     

Do firms have leverage targets? Evidence from acquisitions

In the context of large acquisitions, we provide evidence on whether firms have target capital structures. We examine how deviations from these targets affect how bidders choose to finance acquisitions and how they adjust their capital structure following the acquisitions. We show that when a bidder's leverage is over its target level, it is less likely to finance the acquisition with debt and more likely to finance the acquisition with equity. Also, we find a positive association between the merger-induced changes in target and actual leverage, and we show that bidders incorporate more than two-thirds of the change to the merged firm's new target leverage. Following debt-financed acquisitions, managers actively move the firm back to its target leverage, reversing more than 75% of the acquisition's leverage effect within five years. Overall, our results are consistent with a model of capital structure that includes a target level and adjustment costs.     

Capital structure dynamics and transitory debt

Firms deliberately but temporarily deviate from permanent leverage targets by issuing transitory debt to fund investment. Leverage targets conservatively embed the option to issue transitory debt, with the evolution of leverage reflecting the sequence of investment outlays. We estimate a dynamic capital structure model with these features and find that it replicates industry leverage very well, explains debt issuances/repayments better than extant tradeoff models, and accounts for the leverage changes accompanying investment “spikes.” It generates leverage ratios with slow average speeds of adjustment to target, which are dampened by intentional temporary movements away from target, not debt issuance costs.     

Asymmetric adjustment toward optimal capital structure: Evidence from a crisis

We employ dynamic threshold partial adjustment models to study the asymmetries in firms' adjustments toward their target leverage. Using a sample of US firms over the period 2002–2012, we document a negative impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the speed of leverage adjustment. In our subperiod analysis, we find moderate evidence of cross-sectional heterogeneity in this speed, which seems more pronounced pre-crisis and provides little support for the financial constraint view. Over the pre-crisis period, more constrained firms, such as those with high growth, with large investment, of small size, and with volatile earnings, adjust their capital structures more quickly than their less constrained counterparts. These firms rely heavily on external funds to offset large financing deficits, suggesting that their higher adjustment speeds may be driven by lower adjustment costs that are shared with the transaction costs of accessing external capital markets. During the crisis, the speed of adjustment varies with the deviation from target leverage: only firms with sufficiently large deviations attempt to revert to the target, albeit slowly. Overall, our results provide new evidence of both cross-sectional and time-varying asymmetries in capital structure adjustments, which is consistent with the trade-off theory.     

Are firms accessing venture funding more financially constrained? New evidence from capital structure adjustments

We analyze whether firms that receive venture capital (VC) at a later date face more financial constraints than a one-by-one matched sample of firms that did not receive VC funding (control group). The aim is to check whether their financial flexibility explains why they decide to seek external equity funding. In contrast with other papers, which focus on the sensitivity of investments to cash flow, we study this issue by applying a dynamic model to analyze the speed of adjustment to their target debt levels prior to receiving the first VC investment. We analyze a representative sample of 237 Spanish unlisted firms that received VC between 1995 and 2007 and its corresponding control group. We find that firms that receive VC funding show a significantly lower speed of adjustment than their matched peers before the initial VC round. It seems that the former are more concerned about funding the required investments than about adjusting the firm's debt ratio to a target level. Our results confirm the role of VC in filling the equity gap in constrained unlisted firms. From a capital structure perspective, VC may become a tool for these companies to balance their capital structure in a growth process.     

Local social environment and the speed of leverage adjustment

This study examines the impact of social capital on firms’ leverage adjustment speed. Using a comprehensive dataset of 83,374 firm-year observations for 744 US counties for 1990–2016, we find that both underleveraged and overleveraged firms located in US counties with higher levels of social capital incur slower leverage adjustment towards their optimal target capital structure. This finding is robust to alternative measures of leverage and social capital, different model specifications, controlling for county- and firm-level characteristics, and endogeneity. We further identify two mechanisms through which social capital affects leverage adjustments: monitoring (channel for underleveraged firms) and disciplinary (channel for overleveraged firms) mechanisms.