黑社会性质组织犯罪的法经济学探析

运用法经济学成本收益分析方法,以犯罪和刑罚为两个基本视点,分析黑社会性质组织犯罪的经济特征及其成本收益,并以此为基础,提出如何提高其犯罪成本、降低其犯罪收益来较少犯罪;分析黑社会性质组织犯罪刑罚的成本和收益问题,评析《刑法修正案（八）》对其刑罚调整的理论和现实支撑,并分析其刑罚的最优威慑问题。     

志愿者行动的经济学分析

志愿者不等于免费劳动力,从经济学角度看,志愿者行动不等于免费服务,志愿者开展的活动也具有一定的社会经济价值,有必要从经济学角度对志愿者行动进行分析.文章从成本、收益角度出发对志愿者行动进行经济学分析,研究结果表明,志愿者行动的成本包括社会成本、个人成本和机构成本三个部分;志愿者行动的收益包括社会收益、个人收益和机构收益三个部分.此外,志愿者行动经济价值的计算还有几个问题需要注意,如避免重复计算,志愿者行动的社会成本与机构成本为平均成本,志愿者行动的边际成本等于付薪人员成本,是使用和计算志愿者数量的界限,应考虑志愿者行动外部经济的影响等.     

职务犯罪的几点经济学思考

职务犯罪成本与收益的经济学分析在用经济分析方法研究职务犯罪时,一个重要的分析工具就是犯罪经济学的成本与收益理论。犯罪经济学是由美国的著名经济学家加里·S·贝克首创,其核心内容是认为犯罪实际上是一种“经济活动”,犯罪分子作为“经济人”有着自己对“犯罪成本”和“犯罪收益”的核算“,当某人从事违法行为的预期效用超过将时间及另外的资源用于从事其他活动所带来的效用时,此人便会从事违法行为,由此,一些人成为犯罪不在于他们的基本动机与别人有什么不同,而在于他们的成本之间存在的差异。所以对于职务犯罪成本和收益构成的具体分析,有助于我们全面理解和把握这一犯罪。职务犯罪的显性成本。犯罪的显性成本是指犯罪人在犯罪过程中直接投入的物力、人力和智力、心理等因素的耗用。由于职务犯罪的犯罪人多为国家机关工作人员,手中握有一定的权力和财务支配权,加之权力制约不强,制度不完善,所以该类犯罪的犯罪人自身的直接物质投入一般较低,甚至为零,但是犯罪人在实施犯罪前的智力、心理投入相当大,很多情况下直接决定犯罪人是否采取犯罪行为,这主要包括在预谋、策划阶段所耗费的智力资源,以及对实施犯罪后可能遭到的社会道德的遣责和法律惩罚的恐惧,从而产生的精神压力和心...     

数据流通共享视域下数据犯罪治理对策研究

数据作用的充分发挥为社会进步提供了新机遇,但也不可避免地带来了新问题、新挑战,如数据隐私、数据安全等问题.一些不法分子非法获取公民个人数据后或间接进行转卖牟利,或直接进行违法犯罪,危害人民群众的财产安全、隐私、人身人格安全.为了有效治理数据犯罪,首先是应当对数据犯罪进行准确的界定,完善法律法规,构建一套制裁手段多样的打...     

嵌入性本质收益与成本:对立求解思维范式下的分析

嵌入性本质收益与成本的分析可以为打开嵌入性的"概念伞",剖析嵌入效应产生机理提供一个合理化的窗口。通过对嵌入性概念的深层解析,认为嵌入性的收益与成本可以理解为社会资本和社会责任。参照双因素理论,社会责任可分为保健型和激励型两类,分别起到维持和提升社会资本的作用,从而在对立求解的思维范式下,得到收益与成本、资本与责任的有效整合。     

企业犯罪控制的理论探索与具体路径

企业犯罪是典型的单位犯罪,制度的不完善、社会转型时期的失范以及利益的冲突是企业犯罪的主要成因,基于企业犯罪行为的谋利性和企业犯罪行为的明显理性,因此建议借鉴犯罪计量经济学理论来控制企业犯罪行为,主要路径是提高企业的犯罪成本、降低企业犯罪收益、消除企业犯罪情境和增加企业合法收益的机会。     

从高等教育的个人收益看我国高等教育成本分担的合理性

高等教育能够带来个人收益，这是高等教育收费的基本理由，本通过高等教育个人成本和个人收益的经验数据，实证分析了高等教育作为一种混合产品，从效率角度个人付费，实际高等教育成本分担制度的合理性。     

权力腐败经济学分析

腐败是社会的毒瘤。遏制腐败有利于社会成本的降低。从经济学的角度分析,腐败主要取决于腐败者对腐败成本和腐败收益的权衡。当腐败收益远远大于腐败成本时,腐败就会滋生蔓延;腐败收益等于或小于腐败成本时,腐败现象就会得到遏制。通过成本收益分析,制定出增加腐败成本和降低腐败收益的方法,让腐败者在腐败上"无利可图",进而减少腐败现象。     

新业态从业人员参加养老保险的成本收益与收入再分配效应——基于共同富裕视角

基于个人和社会角度,意在探讨哪种参保选择能同时满足个人的“成本收益”效应最大化和社会的“收入再分配”效应最大化,以达到推进共同富裕的效果。采用2018年中国劳动力动态调查微观数据(CLDS),构建精算模型研究发现：新业态从业人员基本养老保险全覆盖可使养老金成本收益比增加,使养老金基尼系数减小;养老金成本收益比随城职保参保率提高而增大,基尼系数随城职保参保率提高而减小;提升城职保参保率与增加缴费指数相结合的政策可以发挥更大的成本收益效应和收入再分配效应。为实现共同富裕的伟大目标,应加快推进新业态从业人员社会保险全覆盖,鼓励新业态从业人员参加城职保。     

对无照经营行为成因、对策的经济分析

无照经营堪称扰乱市场秩序的痼疾，笔者运用制度经济学“成本—收益”分析方法对造成无照经营“久治不愈”的经济性、制度性、法律性等因素进行剖析，试图从中寻找根除这一痼疾的对策。一、无照经营行为成因分析根据新制度经济学的观点，违法行为的发生是在追求个体利益最大化的自利动机驱使下经过成本和收益的计算后作出的一种选择。而影响选择的因素，如市场准入成本的大小、违法被查处的可能性及后果、盈利预期值等等，无不由制度构成决定。制度通过这些因素影响个人对成本和收益的计算而最终影响着个人选择。１、过高的市场准入成本促发…     

城乡收入差距、社会保障与犯罪治理成本——基于动态空间面板模型的实证研究

本文基于2000-2012年中国省级面板数据, 从空间经济学视角对城乡收入差距、 社会保障与犯罪治理成本之间的关系进行实证研究, 并探究其传导机制. 通过研究发现, 中国各省犯罪治理成本之间存在正的空间相关性, 且东中西部地区空间差异性相对较大. 实证检验结果显示: 城乡收入差距对犯罪治理成本存在显著的正相关性, 而政府社会福利支出有助于降低犯罪治理成本, 此外, 空间系数项、 被解释变量滞后项、 通货膨胀率、 城镇化率等因素对犯罪治理成本存在影响. 鉴于此, 本文提出为有效降低社会犯罪率与犯罪治理成本, 政府应完善社会保障制度, 并改革户籍制度以降低城乡收入差距.     

How personal costs influence customer citizenship behaviors

Many customers engage in customer citizenship behaviors, such as restocking unwanted items, helping other customers, or putting shopping carts back. Although previous research has investigated a variety of antecedents of customer citizenship behaviors, it has not yet considered the personal costs that might inhibit the decision to engage in those behaviors. Using social exchange theory and tested with three experimental studies, this research demonstrates that customers consider their personal cost/benefit trade-off prior to engaging in customer citizenship behaviors. Specifically, perceived self-sacrifice reduces intention to engage in customer citizenship behaviors while awareness of public self-image increases intention. Furthermore, this cost/benefit trade-off between self-sacrifice and public self-image is influenced by peer norms and perceived consequence to the firm.     

成本收益与逆向物流系统构建

本文对逆向物流成本、收益进行分类并对其特点进行了分析;讨论了企业逆向物流的成本、收益与其在我国的发展现状间的关系;并提出了目前情况下,构建逆向物流系统过程中政府及企业的策略、方法的建议。     

论上市公司内部控制信息披露的成本效益

完善企业内部控制信息的披露是保护投资者利益的重要途径,但目前我国上市公司披露内部控制信息的自愿性和动力均不足。本文的研究表明,企业内部控制信息披露要承担内部控制制度的完善、处理和传播成本、竞争劣势成本以及宏观调控成本,并可能影响证券市场的吸引力。同时,披露内部控制信息对企业而言也有一定的利益,包括降低融资成本、诉讼成本、委托代理成本和外部审计费用,并提升投资者关系管理,促进社会资源的有效配置。对此,应完善上市公司内部控制信息披露的相关规定,优化股权结构,加强注册会计师对内部控制信息披露的签证服务功能,强化对上市公司内部控制信息披露的监管,纠正投资者对内部控制信息的需求偏差。     

评述西方监管理论中的成本收益评估标准——以美国、欧盟和经济合作与发展组织为例

成本收益的评估标准,作为监管政策对各类经济实体、环境客体、社会因素产生影响的衡量指标,通过比较监管政策实施前后两种均衡状态下各个经济主体获得的收益和承担的成本,并赋予不同经济主体不同的权重,以期对监管政策对社会整体利益的影响做出评价。借用经济学基本概念和新制度经济学的分析框架,通过对成本收益评估标准逻辑起点、衡量内容和注意事项的论述,比较优势和不足,以期对中国政府监管理论和实践发展提供借鉴。     

浅论财政支出绩效评价

财政支出绩效评价就是对公共部门财政支出作为评价对象的评价工作,也就是对公共部门财政支出的绩效作为评价内容的工作。财政支出追求的最终目标是社会福利最大化。开展财政支出绩效评价要遵循全面性与特殊性相结合、统一性和差异性相结合、定量和定性相结合、统一领导与分类管理等原则。常用的财政支出绩效评价的方法有成本—效益分析法、最低成本法、综合指数法等。     

Consumers’ willingness to disclose their personal data in e-commerce: A reciprocity-based social exchange perspective

While personal data is invaluable to firms, the drivers of e-commerce customers' willingness to disclose their personal data remain tenuous. Using social exchange theory, we develop a model that explores the impact of consumers' perceived benefit, and relative power, on store trust, in turn driving their willingness to disclose their personal data. We collected our empirical data using a representative online survey, with the results being analyzed by using structural equation modeling. The results corroborate that (a) consumer-perceived e-commerce store trust drives their willingness to disclose their personal data, and (b) perceived e-commerce provider reciprocity outweighs consumers’ perceived data disclosure benefit, suggesting the existence of symbolic (vs. purely instrumental) social exchange.     

Customer pre-participatory social media drivers and their influence on attitudinal loyalty within the retail banking industry: A multi-group analysis utilizing social exchange theory

Social media pervades everyday life and firms need to understand what consumer traits antedate participation over these channels. Utilizing social exchange theory (SET), this study seeks to determine what factors precede SET's cost-benefit analysis of social media participation along with these factors' influence on attitudinal loyalty. Important antecedents to this cost-benefit analysis for social media participation are online interaction propensity (OIP), participation attitude and trust. Further, demographic (age, gender, income) and social media page factors (perceived page size and page visit frequency) are identified as potential precursors to customers' cost-benefit analysis towards social media participation. A sample of 482 U.S. banking customers was collected via an online survey. The results found that OIP and trust had direct statistically significant effects on attitudinal loyalty and participation attitude's effect was fully mediated by trust. Age, gender and page visit frequency facets exhibited no differences between groups whilst income (with higher income groups displaying higher levels of loyalty) and page size groups (smaller page sizes demonstrated greater loyalty) demonstrated differing effects on attitudinal loyalty. The study contributes to knowledge and practice by extending particular pre-SET traits in social media to a U.S. retail banking context. The study also furthers academic and managerial capabilities for segmentation analysis' and explicating connections between pre-participatory influences and attitudinal loyalty.     

Crime,community social capital and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Australian communities

Crime is an anti-social blight on communities that increases the cost of doing business, including for entrepreneurs. Drawing on Australian longitudinal data, this study examines the links between crime rates and the propensity for entrepreneurship within communities. We do so by matching propensity for entrepreneurship with types of crime found at the community level where crime occurs. We find that higher total crime rates, crimes against the person and property crime, significantly lower the propensity for entrepreneurship in communities. We also show that the core facets of community social capital – trust, membership in voluntary organizations and support and cooperation – mediate this relationship.Executive summaryWe comprehensively examine whether higher community crime rates – crime on people and crime on property – cause lower rates of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship research extensively examines how gaining social capital, defined as the social resources one gains within one's community, promotes entrepreneurship. This study considers whether a pervasive community dynamic in crime impedes entrepreneurship. Specifically, we show that the two main kinds of crime – people and property – inhibit entrepreneurship.We show the facets of community social capital that mediate the relationship between crime and entrepreneurship. We inform the role of community-based social capital in promoting entrepreneurship (Kwon et al., 2013) by considering how higher crime lowers social capital and in turn entrepreneurship. We show that core facets of relational social capital – trust, voluntary membership in community bodies, support, and cooperation – mediate the relationship between crime and entrepreneurship. Likewise, communities with more robust reserves of social capital are better able to withstand crime and promote entrepreneurship.Examining the link between crime and entrepreneurship allows us to contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship and social capital. We discuss the various ways in which crime diminishes social capital to shape entrepreneurship. In our framework that is predicated on theory on community social capital, crime creates distrust because it causes citizens to be wearier and more suspicious of each other, impeding sharing of ideas and knowledge for ventures. Crime impedes the efficacy and membership of community-based organizations that allow entrepreneurs to network. Crime reduces the support available for founders to start and sustain businesses in focal communities, as individuals seek opportunities and resources outside their communities. Crime diminishes the extent to which people take pride in and identify with their communities, as evidenced by voluntary membership in community organizations. Crime reduces collaboration because it leads to self-protective behaviors, including flight from high-crime communities, that hinder norms of reciprocity. Crime reduces cooperation as criminals are more likely to resort to coercion, as enforced by monitoring and violence, to solve business problems.Findings rely on a comprehensive database of crime rates across Australian postcodes. Crime is typically a localized phenomenon – it affects business outcomes in local communities. We obtain community-level crime rates from each Australian state and territory police force or relevant government agencies and match these data with entrepreneurship rates by postcode. Our primary identification strategy follows Dustmann and Fasani (2016), who estimate the effect of local area crime on mental health in the United Kingdom (UK). This identification strategy removes the effects of residential sorting and correlates crime with time-varying unobserved entrepreneurship determinants if there is no endogenous migration from local crime. The main findings are robust to instrumenting for local area crime to which movers are exposed and for historical abortion rates in the state or territory where the individual lives, as well as a number of other approaches to obtaining causal inference.The article holds considerable practical relevance for policymakers seeking to promote community entrepreneurship. Our study is highly relevant to community leaders and policymakers working to boost local entrepreneurship. Findings strongly suggest that efforts to reduce crime are a primary mechanism to protect social capital within communities and, therefore, entrepreneurship. Policy initiatives dedicated to creating and expanding social ventures would a) boost entrepreneurship and social capital and b) mitigate the detrimental effects of crime on entrepreneurship (Wry and York, 2017).