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How do middle-aged children allocate time and money transfers to their older parents in Europe? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eric Bonsang 《Empirica》2007,34(2):171-188
This paper analyses the determinants of financial and time transfers from adult children to their older parents using the
Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). It is the first survey containing rich comparable interdisciplinary
information about individuals aged 50+ from ten European countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the
Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). The first part of the paper highlights the differences in the provision of upward
private intergenerational transfers (in terms of both time and money) across the ten European countries. The second part describes
the different determinants in the decision to provide time or money transfers to parents and evaluates whether these two types
of assistance are substitutes or complements. Results highlight the existence of a substitution between time and money in
relation to geographical distance and the existence of a weak substitution regarding the employment status of the middle-aged
children.
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Eric BonsangEmail: |
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《European Economic Review》2001,45(4-6):875-889
This paper provides a comparison of the incidence and composition of female employment both in the EU and in the US. Despite a significant increase in female labour market participation in the EU, about 50% of the difference between the employment rates in the US and the EU can still be attributed to differences in the educational attainments and the employment rates of women aged 25–54. We highlight the main features of female employment in both areas, paying particular attention to the differences across age cohorts and educational levels. Our main findings are as follows: (i) the educational level of the EU female population is slowly converging to that of the US across age cohorts, (ii) the employment rates of less educated women are much lower in the EU than in the US (with the exceptions of the Scandinavian countries) even for women aged 25–34, and (iii) occupational segregation is lower for the younger highly educated women who seem to be entering more typically male occupations and less typically female occupations, although at a higher rate in the US than in the EU. 相似文献