On the reduced effectiveness of some sexually suggestive ads

Existing research on the effects of sexually suggestive illustrations in advertising has reported reduced recall of brand names and product information as well as negative product attitudes. This study evaluates two explanations for the reduced recall. A negative affect explanation hypothesizes that a viewer's attitudinal response to the suggestive material interferes with recall. An attention-distraction explanation hypothesizes that the visual draw of the suggestive illustrations decreases reading time for the ad copy. Ads varying in suggestiveness were viewed by male and female college students. Recall of both brand names and product information was lower for all suggestive ads. Recall differences were found to be totally unrelated to all affect differences, to measures of general attitudes toward the use of sex in advertising, and to demographic variables but were generally consistent with independent ratings of the visual characteristic of the illustrations. These results favor the attention-distraction hypothesis. Implications for advertising strategy are discussed.     

An examination of free elicitation and response scale measures of feelings and judgments evoked by television advertisements

Recent research has examined the role of feelings and judgments evoked by television advertisements through the use of large batteries of rating scales. In this study, free elicitations of feelings and judgments about ads are compared to scale responses. Some potential problems pertaining to the use of large batteries of items to measure feelings and judgments are illustrated, and complementary aspects of the two measurement approaches suggest some advantages of the concurrent use of both in gauging responses to ads. Results across both approaches confirm the importance of assessing feelings in models of the antecedents of attitude toward the ad and suggest that feelings explain about as much variance in Aad as do judgments.     

Television commercials in violent programming: An experimental evaluation of their effects on children

Using an experimental method, this study found that when a commercial was viewed immediately following a high-violence dramatic programming segment, children’s ad copy recognition scores were significantly lower and attitudes toward the ad and the advertised brand were significantly less favorable than when the commercial was viewed following a low-violence (but otherwise near-identical) program segment. The influence of program violence level on some advertising response measures was more pronounced when the commercial was positioned immediately following the dramatic programming segment than when immediately preceding it. The study cautions advertisers to examine carefully whether, in reaching for high audience ratings and cost efficiency through violent television programs, they may be sacrificing communication effectiveness of their brand advertising. He has published numerous articles on advertising effectiveness, children and advertising, buyer behavior, and marketing strategy in theJournal of Marketing Research, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Communication, Journal of Retailing, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Journal of International Marketing, and others. Her primary research interests are in children and advertising issues, buyer behavior, and marketing ethics. Her research has appeared in theJournal of Services Marketing, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing, and proceedings of numerous national and regional marketing conferences.     

Effects of offline ad content on online brand search: insights from super bowl advertising

Individuals watch TV shows while simultaneously and/or immediately searching online. Thus, the content of offline TV ads can affect online brand search, a key predictor of sales. Yet there are few insights on the effect of offline ad content on online brand search. We develop hypotheses relating the informational and emotional content of TV ads on online brand search, independently, and in conjunction with two attentional content elements of the ad campaign, prior media publicity and brand website prominence in the TV ad. We test the hypotheses using a quasi-experimental study, the telecast of TV ads on the annual Super Bowl event between 2004 and 2012 (n = 293 observations). We measure online brand search by online brand search lift, i.e., the growth in online brand search following the telecast of the brand’s ad on Super Bowl. The findings indicate that the informational content of the TV ad increases online brand search, while both attentional content elements decrease this effect. We find no support for the effect of emotional content of the TV ad on online brand search. Our findings extend marketing theory on online search and generate managerial implications for designing TV ads to increase online brand search.     

品牌广告浅析

中国是制造业大国,同时又是品牌弱国,在世界品牌之林中鲜见中国品牌身影.广告作为塑造品牌的主要手段,应为品牌建设作出贡献.本文通过对品牌广告的概念、特点、产生背景的分析,评价了西方品牌广告给中国品牌广告带来的影响,并进一步探讨了中国品牌广告的未来之路.     

The professor-consultant: An important marketing resource

There has been little published on the topic of marketing consultants. The literature void is even more pronounced when a major source of outside expertise, the professor-consultant, is examined. The authors have surveyed marketing academicians to determine their attitudes toward consulting and the scope and nature of their consulting activities along with the kinds of clients for whom they work. The findings show that professors hold generally favorable attitudes toward consulting and work in a wide range of topical areas while serving many diverse clients.     

Enhancing television advertising: same-language subtitles can improve brand recall,verbal memory,and behavioral intent

This research explores how same-language subtitles—on-screen text that matches the spoken language—can enhance advertising effectiveness for television commercials on normal viewing audiences outside of foreign-language or deaf-viewer contexts. A preliminary eye-tracker study shows that same-language subtitles capture disproportionate visual attention, and a first study highlights that same-language commercial subtitles can increase brand recall and memory of other verbal ad information. Three further studies using 12 additional ads reinforce the positive effects of subtitles and show how same-language subtitle effectiveness varies with changes in visual and verbal ad complexity. In addition to showing how subtitles can increase behavioral intent, results also highlight how varying subtitle content affects memory gains and illustrate how subtitles can lead to negative effects in the uncommon situation that brand information is missing from the audio. As the efficacy of television advertising becomes increasingly debated, same-language subtitling is a simple way to boost advertising effectiveness.     

Theory in consumer behavior: A status report

This article examines the attitudes of 40 opinion leaders in marketing toward theory in consumer behavior. These individuals exhibited favorable attitudes toward theory in marketing in general. More favorable perceptions of the value of the contributions of theory to consumer behavior existed than for promotion and channels of distribution. In comparison to eight other areas of marketing, the consumer behavior area was perceived as having made the greatest past contribution to marketing thought and the one most likely to make worthwhile future contributions. The sample believed that much future effort was needed in progressing toward a general theory of consumer behavior and that such effort would indeed be forthcoming.     

Male nudity in advertisements: A modified replication and extension of gender and product effects

This article explores the relatively unknown effects of male nudity in print ads on selected consumer responses. A previously used experimental design that examines different model dress levels in conjunction with two different products was replicated to test dress level, respondent, and product effects. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that respondent gender and dress level of the model significantly affect measures of mood, attitude toward the advertiser, attitude toward the ad, and attitude toward the brand. These findings provide important information to advertisers considering using male nudity or suggestive poses in ads and provide support for oppositesex and product congruency effects found previously in other research. She received her D.B.A. from Louisiana Tech University. Her research has appeared in theJournal of Business Ethics, Journal of Health Care Marketing, and numerous conference proceedings. His research has been published in regional journals and conference proceedings. His articles have appeared in journals such as theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Retailing, andJournal of Business Ethics.     

Personality and ad-evoked feelings: The case for extraversion and neuroticism

Feeling responses to advertisements have been identified as important advertising effects. Considerable intersubject variance has been noted across those ad-evoked feelings. Conceptual models have proposed individual differences, including personality, as antecedents of adevoked feelings. In the psychology literature,extraversion andneuroticism have been shown to predict positive and negative affect, respectively. The current research proposes and tests relationships between extraversion and neuroticism and specific, transient feeling responses to ads. Additionally, the single traitaffect intensity, an alternative construal of individual differences in affective predispositions, is measured and compared with extraversion and neuroticism. Extraversion and neuroticism appear to be preferable, theoretically grounded predictors of adevoked feelings and consequent consumer attitudes. These findings should advance advertising managers’ understandings of differences across consumers in fundamental patterns of feeling responses to advertising. He received his Ph.D. in marketing from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in 1994. His research has been published inPsychological Reports andAdvances in Consumer Research.     

文化适应与文化转换——广告跨文化传播中的两条路径

在全球经济一体化背景下,广告要面临跨文化传播的挑战,一方面应通过主动的文化适应,获取品牌传播的文化通行证：另一方面,还应借助于创造性的文化转换,引起异质文化受众的情感共鸣,实现品牌的有效传播。在这一过程中要把握好文化适应与文化转换的关系及文化转换的尺度。     

Who should be in power to encourage product program innovativeness,R&D or marketing?

The degree to which the research and development (R&D) department is regarded as more important for product innovativeness than is marketing, with greater potential to influence innovation decisions, appears ambiguous. This study examines how R&D’s level of power, relative to marketing’s, affects product program newness and meaningfulness, and thus market and financial performance. Relying on the motive of enhancement, this study reveals two underlying mechanisms to explain considerations of R&D and marketing depending on R&D’s power. A multi-informant sample of top executives and subordinates from 229 firms indicates distinct effects of R&D’s relative power on product program newness and meaningfulness. Specifically, R&D power exhibits a positive linear relationship with product program newness but a nonlinear effect with meaningfulness. To expand market and financial performance, firms should seek to generate meaningful product innovations through a moderate level of relative R&D power, particularly when their environments are characterized by high competitive intensity.     

Employees as internal audience: how advertising affects employees’ customer focus

Ad campaigns target consumers with information about the company, its products, and sometimes its employees. Ads also reach the organization’s employees and may contain information useful to employees in meeting customer needs. Results from a study involving a high-tech firm indicate that when employees believe ads are effective and value congruent, their customer focus increases. Pride completely mediates the effects of value congruence and effectiveness on customer focus. Organizational identification of employees generally results in a more favorable reaction to ads. A second study involving a regional health facility replicates and extends these findings to include employee portrayal accuracy when employees are featured in ads. Employee portrayal accuracy affects promise accuracy, effectiveness and value-congruence. In addition, employee portrayal accuracy has a direct effect on customer focus.     

消费者对于产品召回事件的心理反应——基于风险和情绪的研究

产品召回事件中,风险和情绪是消费者心理的两条主线。本文从产品召回事件中消费者心理的角度,以Loewen-stein等人提出的"风险即情绪"模型作为研究框架,提出了以风险、情绪和购买倾向为核心变量的研究模型。随后,以汽车、笔记本电脑、奶粉三个行业为背景,采取系列实验的方法,并通过真实模拟事件报道作为刺激物来测度消费者的心理反应。研究表明,产品召回中的事件维度、企业维度对消费者感知风险和负面情绪具有不同的影响,验证了本文提出的模型的合理性以及在三个行业中的普适性。最后,为企业应对产品召回事件提出了有益的理论指导。     

基于社会表象理论的香港赌片对赴澳门旅游决策影响研究

以澳门为案例地,以20世纪八九十年代在华人地区广为流传的香港赌片为对象,基于社会表象理论研究香港赌片对赴澳门旅游决策所产生的影响。通过对312份调查问卷和12名赴澳游客的访谈分析发现：第一,香港赌片通过反复的表象过程在观众心中形成了鲜明的影视表象,这其中不乏负面符号;第二,在这个过程中,影视表象中积极的符号标记会引起观众对旅游目的地的积极的共感和移情,从而对旅游决策产生积极影响,而消极符号标记则会引起观众对旅游目的地的消极共感和移情,并进一步对旅游决策产生消极影响;第三,由于缺乏与澳门的主动关联和映射,香港赌片在表象过程中对观众赴澳旅游决策地形象的影响十分有限。另外,研究还表明,旅游个体的差异在整个影响过程中的作用不容忽视。     

诗歌的哀鸣与歌词的辉煌

诗和歌词本是一家,娱乐功能是最主要的。诗走到今天,处于哀鸣的状态,主要是因为远离读者,诗人走进了“自我”的狭小境地。具备震撼人心的抒情力量,能够给业余空间传递愉悦和轻松,贴近了词人和听众的关系,歌词才有了辉煌。     

我国比较广告存在的问题及对策探析

在众多的广告形式中,比较广告越来越多地受到青睐,但在比较广告的实践和发展过程中,也出现了一些问题:学术引导缺失;立法滞后,法规缺陷;实践中缺乏理性和科学性,影响了比较广告的实际效果及其正常发展.为此,我们必须坚持合法性判断准则;面向市场,深化理论;针对现实条件,把握因素内在特质,恰当运用比较广告,提高比较广告效果.     

Modality and offering effects in sales presentations for a good versus a service

More businesses than ever are using telemarketing as a complement to or substitute for face-to-face selling. More businesses than ever are also selling services in lieu of selling goods. Yet, despite these trends, no empirical research has documented the relative effectiveness of telesales versus face-to-face presentations for selling goods versus services. The author begins to fill this void in the literature by presenting an initial investigation into the effects of modality (telesales vs. face-to-face presentation) and offering (a service vs. a good) on consumer recall, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. The findings reveal that recall is higher in a face-to-face presentation, attitudes and behavioral intentions are more positive following a telesales presentation for a service, and attitudes and behavioral intentions for a good are unaffected by the nature of the sales presentation. Implications of the findings for research, business practice, and future study are discussed. David M. Szymanski is the Al and Marion Withers Faculty Research Fellow and Director, Center for Retailing Studies, in the Lowry Mays College & Graduate School of Business, Texas A&M University. His research interests include applied meta-analysis, marketing strategy, personal selling, product innovation, and retailing strategy. Representative research has appeared in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, andJournal of Retailing.     

英语广告口号的创意研究

广告口号犹如广告的眼睛,有着非常重要的作用,所以设计广告口号需要采用多种创意手段使其产品或服务与受众产生共鸣。文章首先阐释了广告口号创意的原则,并通过研究英语中比较经典的广告口号,探讨了直白表达、语境预设、情感激发、求新求变、诗意表现等创意手法。     

毛泽东、刘少奇新闻宣传思想比较

毛泽东、刘少奇都是中共重要领导人,他们对无产阶级的新闻宣传事业有共同的看法,也存在不少分歧。相对而言,刘少奇的新闻宣传思想比毛泽东更为独特、包容和开阔,更加尊重新闻宣传的规律。本文拟从他们对媒介性质与功能、媒介作用、新闻宣传的原则、办报策略、新闻宣传方法、受众观、舆论监督观、新闻工作人员修养观、对待外国媒介信息的态度等九个方面,对两人的新闻宣传观做一个简单的比较。