Exchange rate pass-through and credit constraints

The macroeconomic evidence of the short-term impact of exchange rates on exports and prices is notoriously weak. This paper examines the microfoundations of this disconnect. I study the response of firms' export and price setting decisions to fluctuations in exchange rates and credit conditions using firm-level survey data. Financially constrained firms pass through exchange rate changes to prices at almost twice the rate of unconstrained firms. Similarly, their export volumes are about twice as sensitive to exchange rate fluctuations. The effect of borrowing constraints is particularly strong during the recent financial crisis.     

双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性理论测度及解析

近年来,汇率与出口弱相关现象引起理论界和实务界的广泛关注。本文通过考虑全球价值链带来的供给侧联系和第三国汇率效应,使用双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性指标对双边层面的相对价格竞争力与出口关系作出新的测度和结构贡献度分解。研究发现,对相对价格竞争力与出口关系修正后测度的双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性值显著为负。出口对修正的汇率变动依旧富有弹性。“汇率对出口影响弱化”并没有传统实际有效汇率和双边汇率表现的那么严重,更没有出现“贬值抑制出口”等不符合理论预期的反常情况。双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性结构分解贡献度结果显示,伴随我国在全球价值链中参与度和地位的提升,中国对主要贸易伙伴出口中由相对价格变动引起中间产品结构变动对总弹性的贡献度不断提升。     

Impact of exchange rate movements on exports: An analysis of Indian non-financial sector firms

We explore the real effective exchange rate (REER) effects on the share of exports of Indian non-financial sector firms for the period 2000–2010. Our empirical analysis reveals that, on average, there has been a strong and significant negative impact from currency appreciation and currency volatility on Indian firms' export shares. Labor costs are found to intensify the exchange rate effects on trade. Further, there is evidence that the Indian firms considered here respond asymmetrically to exchange rates. For instance, the REER change effect is more likely to be driven by a negative appreciation effect than a depreciation effect. Also, Indian firms that have smaller export shares tend to have a stronger response to both REER change and volatility. Compared with those exporting goods, firms that export services are more affected by exchange rate fluctuations. The findings, especially those on asymmetric responses, have important policy implications.     

人民币实际汇率波动对中国贸易影响的实证分析

本文利用1994-2008年的季度时间序列数据,在VAR模型的基础上,运用单位根检验、协整分析、格兰杰因果检验和方差分解等技术分析人民币实际汇率对中国进出口贸易的影响。分析结果表明,人民币实际汇率变动是影响中国进出口贸易的重要因素,马歇尔-勒纳条件在中国是成立的。从短期来看,人民币实际汇率变动是影响出口贸易的主要因素;然而从长期来看,国外需求的变动是影响出口贸易变动的主要因素。     

金融发展、汇率变动与中国省区制造业出口

本文使用中国省区细分行业的数据和一系列反映金融发展的指标,检验了金融发展对于中国省区制造业出口的影响,同时观测了汇率变动对于各省区行业出口绩效的影响。在控制了各省区要素禀赋以及基础设施条件后发现,在金融发展水平高的省份,高融资依赖性的行业具有较高的出口份额。此外,金融发展有利于融资依赖性行业抵御外部汇率冲击带来的负面影响,扩大市场份额。在选取工具变量以及采取IVTobit模型克服模型的内生性后,结果依然稳健。     

汇率波动对出口稳定的影响：中间品进口的作用

本文在一个市场渗透率内生决定的框架中讨论汇率波动对出口稳定的影响。基于包含企业异质性的理论分析，发现汇率波动会影响出口在不同企业之间的重新配置以及企业在出口市场的进入退出决策。平均来看，汇率波动会引起企业出口金额的下降以及更多(少)地退出(进入)市场。进一步分析发现，相较其他企业，汇率波动对企业出口的负向影响对中间品进口更少以及小规模出口企业更明显，而中间品进口可以对冲汇率波动的负向作用。本文使用我国海关进出口交易数据对汇率波动如何影响出口稳定进行实证分析，结果支持了理论部分提出的假说。本文的政策性含义是，只要企业能够更加深度并优化对国际分工和全球供应链的参与，汇率弹性增强并不会对其出口带来更大的汇率风险。     

人民币预期汇率变动与虚假贸易——基于套汇视角的分析

虚假贸易对国内经济秩序造成不良影响,受到了密切关注。本文基于2010—2012年中国大陆到香港的月度出口数据,实证检验了人民币汇率出现单边预期以及资本管制的大背景下,企业出于套汇动机而进行的虚假贸易行为。本文发现远期汇率升值显著促进了产品出口额增加,并且这一现象对于高价值重量比的产品更加明显。异质性分析表明虚假贸易行为更倾向于出现在加工贸易占比较高的行业。2012年汇率改革增大了人民币汇率的波动幅度,增加了企业跨境套利的成本,汇改之后企业的虚假贸易行为得到明显抑制。此外,远期汇率升值同时提高了虚假出口占总出口的比重。本文从一个新的视角研究了我国的虚假贸易问题,并对打击虚假贸易活动提出相关建议。     

人民币汇率波动如何影响中国企业的对外直接投资?

基于2005-2017 "中国全球投资跟踪数据库"的对外投资微观数据,本文考察人民币汇率波动的不确定性对中国企业对外直接投资的影响。研究发现:人民币汇率波动的增加,不仅减少了中国企业对外直接投资的可能性,也抑制了投资规模,这一结果在考虑内生性问题、样本选择性偏差、不同的汇率波动指标等一系列问题后仍然稳健。基于手工搜集的企业年报数据,研究发现,企业前期的套期保值行为,可以有效规避汇率风险,弱化汇率波动对企业对外投资的抑制作用。进一步研究显示,汇率波动对中国企业对外投资的影响有明显的异质性,投资于不同行业、不同国家的企业以及不同投资方式的企业对人民币汇率波动的反应各异,这又与中国现阶段对外投资的一些独特特征有关。本文研究为汇率波动影响中国企业的对外直接投资行为提供了微观层面的证据。     

Exchange Rate Pass-Through in a Competitive Model of Pricing-to-Market

This paper extends the Mussa and Rosen (1978) model of quality pricing under perfect competition. Exporters sell goods of different qualities to consumers who have heterogeneous preferences for quality. Production is subject to decreasing returns to scale and, therefore, supply and the toughness of competition react to cost changes brought about by exchange rate fluctuations. First, we predict that exchange rate shocks are imperfectly passed through into prices. Second, prices of low-quality goods are more sensitive to exchange rate shocks than prices of high-quality goods. Third, in response to an exchange rate appreciation, the composition of exports shifts toward higher quality and more expensive goods. We test these predictions using highly disaggregated price and quantity U.S. import data and find only weak empirical evidence in support of our theory.     

Globalization,exports, and effective exchange rate indices

This paper offers a new way of compiling effective exchange rate indices, which is then shown to perform generally better in prototype equations explaining total real exports than other published indices. Researchers can use this method to compile effective exchange rates, real or nominal, readily for any country. The generally superior performance, based on cointegration tests using data from four major economies, four Latin American countries, and four South East Asian countries, suggests the proposed index which uses GDP weights rather than trade weights, is more appropriate in a highly globalized world. Intensified globalization in the past two decades appears indicated by the higher elasticities of exports with respect to the real effective exchange rate over time.     

Pricing to market with trade liberalization: The role of market heterogeneity and product differentiation in India’s exports

This paper studies the links between pricing to market (PTM) and trade liberalization using data for India’s exports (at the 4-digit level of classification) during the economic reforms period (1992–2005). We estimate a PTM model for exports to the G3 and three other emerging markets (Brazil, China and South Africa), distinguishing homogeneous from differentiated goods and correcting for changes in the level of protection faced by India’s exporters (import tariffs in destination markets), inflation and openness in the export destination market, a macroeconomic policy index partly reflecting changes in exporter’s costs, the share of the exporter in the destination market and the share of the product in the exporter’s total exports. We find that market heterogeneity changes the level of PTM, but PTM does not significantly differ between homogeneous and differentiated products. Indian exporters practice PTM by absorbing exchange rate changes into their mark-up in G3 markets, where they face tougher competition, but fully pass-through exchange rate changes in emerging markets. On the contrary, Indian exporters seem to be taking advantage of trade liberalisation in destination markets by marginally increasing exporter currency prices into emerging markets but not into the G3. However, in the case of differentiated goods, we find this effect of trade liberalisation for both G3 and emerging markets.     

跨境贸易人民币结算量与货币供应量、汇率波动互动关系

通过构建向量自回归模型（VAR）的方法,对我国跨境贸易人民币结算波动、进出口贸易总额波动、汇率波动之间的动态关系进行研究,试图揭示其三者之间存在的相互关系。研究结果显示：货币供应量波动、汇率波动于跨境贸易人民币结算量波动之间存在长期稳定均衡关系。长期内,汇率波动对跨境贸易人民币结算量波动具有正向促进作用;货币供应量波动对其具有反向促进作用。格兰杰因果关系显示跨境贸易人民币结算量波动是汇率波动的单向Granger原因,同时也是货币供应量波动单向Granger原因;汇率波动在是货币供应量波动的单向Granger原因。脉冲响应函数结果显示：跨境贸易人民币结算量波动对来自其自身冲击的响应在三种变量冲击中最为明显;货币供应量对来自其自身及其他变量的脉冲均有较为明显的响应;汇率对来自其自身冲击的响应在三种变量冲击中最为明显。     

融资约束、金融市场化与制造业企业出口国内增加值率

融资约束是制约中国企业发展的一个关键性因素。本文系统地检验了融资约束对制造业企业出口国内增加值率(DVAR)的影响和机制以及金融市场化在该影响中的调节作用。研究结果发现:(1)融资约束显著抑制了制造业企业出口DVAR的提升,这一结果在考虑测量误差和内生性问题后依然稳健。(2)影响机制检验结果显示,技术创新是融资约束抑制制造业企业出口DVAR提升的重要机制。(3)异质性分析显示加工贸易企业、民营企业和外资企业、低生产率企业、东部地区企业的融资约束对其出口DVAR提升的抑制作用较大。(4)金融市场化进程中的利率市场化能够有效缓解融资约束对制造业企业出口DVAR提升的抑制作用,而影子银行规模扩张则加重了融资约束对制造业企业出口DVAR提升的抑制作用。因此,缓解制造业企业的融资约束,提升其技术创新能力,推进并完善金融市场化水平是提升中国制造业出口DVAR,增强外贸获利水平的重要途径。     

Monetary shocks,exchange rates,and the extensive margin of exports

This paper develops a two-country Dynamic General Equilibrium model to assess the relationship between the real exchange rate and the extensive margin of exports. Exchange rate pass-through to consumer prices governs the relative strength of a demand channel onto the exporting decision of a firm. With incomplete pass-through, a favorable movement in the real exchange rate generates increased export participation and an expansion in the extensive margin of exports. This result is consistent with firm-level studies, and contributes to an ongoing empirical debate as to the importance of changes in export participation over the business cycle.     

Second-Best Foreign Exchange Policy in the Presence of Domestic Price Controls and Export Subsidies

Poland, like many developing countries, has required its exportersto surrender a share of their foreign exchange earnings to thegovernment at an overvalued exchange rate. During the late 1980s,it progressively increased the share which exporters were allowedto retain (the retention ratio), but other distortions to thetrade regime remained. A model developed here estimates theeffects of these policies on welfare under different foreignexchange elasticities, export and import subsidies, officialexchange rates, and policies on exporter retention of foreignexchange earnings. The retention ratios in effect in early 1989were equivalent to a 51 percent tax on exports or an importtariff of 130 percent. As economic theory would suggest, maximumsocial benefit would derive from removal of the full range ofdistortions. Full retention of foreign exchange by exportersin the absence of other distortions would provide social benefitsequivalent to 8 percent of gross domestic product. But the neteffect of the other policies together is a bias toward tradables,so that a policy of somewhat less than full retention of foreignexchange is optimal in this second-best world.     

贸易摩擦、宏观经济波动与经济开放程度的选择

本文构建一个包含关税冲击以及外汇风险溢价的两国开放经济DSGE模型,创新地揭示了关税冲击造成实际汇率波动的“直接效应”与“间接效应”,刻画了关税变动、贸易条件与实际汇率之间的动态关系与作用机制。我们深入分析了不同经济开放程度下贸易摩擦造成的宏观经济波动以及经济福利损失。模拟结果表明,在一定贸易开放程度下,外国加收关税一方面会导致本国贸易条件恶化,引发出口及产出下降;另一方面会导致本国汇率贬值,引发出口及产出增长。关税冲击发生后短期中汇率贬值效应占优,本国产出会出现小幅上升,随后贸易条件恶化效应逐步显现,产出持续下降。福利分析结果表明,本国适度提升贸易开放度,虽然经济福利损失会小幅上升,但福利损失增加幅度小于外国,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对优势;如果本国过度提高贸易开放度,则会导致本国福利损失大幅增加,并且大于外国福利损失增幅,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对劣势。因此,应适度逐步有序地提升贸易开放度。此外,本国适度推进资本账户开放的政策能够改善贸易条件,促进本国经济增长。     

Incomplete Exchange Rate Pass-Through: Evidence from Exchange Rate Reform in China

Exchange rate disconnect is one of the central puzzles in international macroeconomics. Recently, there is a growing literature that studies the microeconomic foundations or mechanisms for incomplete exchange rate pass-through. However, the estimations of the exchange rate pass-through vary widely in the existing literature. Our article proposes the use of a policy-based instrumental variable for exchange rate, exploiting the exchange rate reform in China, and finds that 67% of exchange rate pass-through into the FOB export price of Chinese exports. This contrasts to the almost full exchange rate pass-through using OLS estimation. We further find that the export price of homogeneous goods, low-technology goods, and goods supplied by domestic non-SOEs is more sensitive to exchange rate changes.     

The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on multinationals’ returns

This paper examines if the type of exchange rate used or size of the movement in the exchange rate matters in estimating exchange-rate exposure of U.S. manufacturing firms. We find that switching from a broad trade-weighted exchange rate to a 2-digit SIC industry exchange rate increases slightly the number of significantly exposed firms. We also find that firms’ stock returns may be affected differently in periods of crisis and non-crisis; some firms have significant exposure only in crisis periods while others have significant exposure only during normal fluctuations in exchange rates.     

Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Output in Oil-Producing Countries: The Case of Iran

Conventional wisdom states that currency depreciation in oil-producing countries is contractionary because demand effects, limited by the prevalence of oil exports priced in dollars, are more than offset by adverse supply effects. Iran, however, has experienced a rapid increase in nonoil exports in the past decade. Against this background, the paper tests whether the conventional wisdom still applies to Iran and concludes that the emergence of the nonoil export sector has made currency depreciation expansionary. The expansionary effect is particularly evident regarding anticipated persistent depreciation in the long run. Notwithstanding the varying effects of exchange rate fluctuations on the demand and supply sides of the economy, managing a flexible exchange rate gradually over time toward achieving stability in the real effective exchange rate may strike the necessary balance.     

贸易摩擦、宏观经济波动与经济开放程度的选择

本文构建一个包含关税冲击以及外汇风险溢价的两国开放经济DSGE模型,创新地揭示了关税冲击造成实际汇率波动的“直接效应”与“间接效应”,刻画了关税变动、贸易条件与实际汇率之间的动态关系与作用机制。我们深入分析了不同经济开放程度下贸易摩擦造成的宏观经济波动以及经济福利损失。模拟结果表明,在一定贸易开放程度下,外国加收关税一方面会导致本国贸易条件恶化,引发出口及产出下降;另一方面会导致本国汇率贬值,引发出口及产出增长。关税冲击发生后短期中汇率贬值效应占优,本国产出会出现小幅上升,随后贸易条件恶化效应逐步显现,产出持续下降。福利分析结果表明,本国适度提升贸易开放度,虽然经济福利损失会小幅上升,但福利损失增加幅度小于外国,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对优势;如果本国过度提高贸易开放度,则会导致本国福利损失大幅增加,并且大于外国福利损失增幅,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对劣势。因此,应适度逐步有序地提升贸易开放度。此外,本国适度推进资本账户开放的政策能够改善贸易条件,促进本国经济增长。