欧洲2020战略旗舰计划：创新型联盟（下）

“创新型联盟”是欧洲2020战略七大旗舰计划之首,由欧委会2010年10月公布,欧盟理事会2011年2月批准,是欧盟未来10年的科研与创新战略文件。该战略以10年内把欧盟建设成为“创新型联盟”为目标,要求欧盟把创新作为首要和压倒一切的政策目标,提出了加强研发投入、提高资金使用效益、实现教育现代化、4年内建成统一的欧洲研究区、简化科研计划管理、促进成果产业化、实现欧盟单一专利、启动“欧洲创新伙伴”行动、推动社会创新、加强国际合作等十项工作重点,并提出部署相关配套措施,开展欧盟层面的科研与创新绩效监测工作,确保“创新型联盟”各项目标的实现。本文是“创新型联盟”旗舰计划的译稿,供国内相关部门参考。     

《法国-欧洲2020》科研战略解析及其启示

为确保法国世界一流科研大国的地位,应对法国当前面临的科学、技术、环境与社会挑战,2015年3月5日,法国教研部发布新国家科研战略——《法国-欧洲2020》,该战略是继2009年《法国研究与创新战略》后出台的第二个国家级科研战略,确定了应对法国10大社会挑战的优先科研方向和5大主题行动计划,强调面向应用的研究,重点解决法国面临的社会挑战。本文在对《法国-欧洲2020》战略的制定流程与主要内容进行分析的基础上,总结其特点,并提出对我国的启示。     

教育与创新在“欧盟2020战略”中的核心地位解读

“欧盟2020战略”确立欧盟未来10年的奋斗目标是发展智能经济、建成更绿色的经济体、提升就业能力、加强社会凝聚力和实现知识经济社会。本文通过剖析教育和创新在该战略中所处的核心地位,进一步厘清欧盟重视教育和推动创新的总体思路：以教育促创新,以创新促增长,以增长促就业,以就业促和谐。这一发展思路不仅符合当今世界范围内改革与发展的潮流,而且值得我国在制定教育和创新发展战略时借鉴和参考。     

欧盟2020：战略与预测

受广东国际战略研究院欧洲研究中心邀请,2011 年 4 月 2 日上午,欧盟前任驻华大使、欧盟对外事务首席顾问 K. Ebermann（Dr./Prof. Klaus Eberman）做客＂欧洲论坛＂,以＂欧洲 2020：战略与预测＂为主题进行了专场演讲。现将 K. Ebermann 演讲的主要内容及回答师生提问的有关部分,予以发表。同时,我刊也于 4 月 3 日就中东局势对其进行了专题采访,访谈内容以战略对话的方式展开,并与演讲文一道以特稿形式刊发,以飨读者。     

欧盟2020年能源新战略

欧盟2020年能源新战略的制定有其特有的背景,其新战略的政策框架和核心内容是未来10年欧盟国家能源领域的五大优先目标:将节能摆在首要位置,着力提高能源效率,到2020年节约20％;推进欧盟内部的能源市场一体化进程,建立真正的泛欧一体化能源市场;赋予消费者权利,达到最高水平的安全性和可靠性;确保欧盟国家在能源技术与创新中的全球领先地位;加强欧盟能源市场的对外尺度等.欧盟2020年能源新战略给予我们几点启示:凸显能源安全的战略地位;高度重视加强能源外交;着力强化内部自身建设等.     

欧盟“地平线2020”框架计划主要内容与制定方法

鉴于2008年以来国际金融危机引发了全球性的经济衰退,欧洲强烈意识到,促进经济和其他领域的增长是重中之重,惟有依靠科技创新实现可持续增长才能有效恢复信心、促进就业并化解债务.作为支撑“欧盟2020”战略科研与创新的主要政策工具,欧盟委员会于2011年11月30日公布了“地平线2020”科研与创新框架计划提案,以进一步整合提高创新效率,促进科技创新,推动经济增长和就业增加.本文主要介绍“地平线2020”框架计划内容与预算特征,并着重分析其制订计划的科学方法,以期为我国相关科技创新决策提供参考.     

里斯本战略以来的欧盟科技政策再思考

由于欧盟未能在以信息化为代表的第三次产业革命中抓住机会,导致科技创新能力大大落后于美日等国,经济增长也因此长期落后于美国。对此虽然欧盟和成员国都已有所认识,也在2000年的里斯本战略进程中提出将欧盟研发总经费占国内生产总值的比例提高到3％以及建立“欧洲研究区”和将欧盟建设成为“世界上最具有活力和最具有国际竞争力的知识经济体”等宏伟战略目标。但在十年后人们发现,里斯本既定的多项战略目标远未实现。随着欧洲一体化进程的深入以及欧盟2020战略的出台,欧盟的科技政策也面临着新的挑战和调整的需要。未来的欧盟科技政策能否协助欧盟实现“智能、包容和可持续发展”的增长模式还取决于多方面的因素。     

欧洲的智慧：从制衡到—体

实力均衡是欧洲能够免于战争的必要条件，两次世界大战的发生都是因为德国力图打破这种均衡。但问题是，如何能做到各国发展同步？欧洲找到了根本的解决之道。     

俄罗斯2020年前能源发展战略

2003年10月，俄罗斯政府公布了《俄罗斯联邦2020年前能源发展战略》。     

欧洲纳米电子技术战略展望与发展部署

欧洲技术平台是是欧盟为了加强自身科研实力,提高创新能力,保持全球竞争力而制定的科技发展规划。该文所介绍的欧洲纳米电子技术平台是欧洲30余个技术平台中的一个,文中首先对欧洲和全球的纳米电子相关的领域和产业进行了简要介绍和比较,而后对欧洲纳米电子领域的发展战略（包括：短、中、长期的发展目标）进行了概括和分析,最后归纳了平台所制定的六大优先研发领域。     

2012年欧盟科技创新与研发进展

在当前欧洲主权债务危机形势下,为尽快摆脱危机,寻求新的经济增长点,欧盟国家在采取严格财政紧缩政策、加快经济结构调整的同时,将研发与创新作为摆脱危机的有效手段和重要战略措施.创新联盟作为欧洲2020战略的旗舰倡议之一,在原材料、农业和老龄医疗卫生领域推行创新伙伴关系,为推动创新与研发而发挥了积极作用.欧洲研究区能否预期建成,目前还无法预料.欧洲研究区创建中面临国际人才交流、研究设施与知识共享、科研体制、研究经费等方面资源整合上的诸多障碍.     

Pharmacoeconomic considerations of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) within the European Union

Summary

Depression is a frequently utilised model in health economy analysis, particularly since the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In the present study, a cost-treatment analysis of this antidepressant family is carried out, in a representative sample of EU countries. For each SSRI and country, a series of pharmacoeconomic indicators was calculated including Monthly Treatment Cost (MTC), Relative Cost (RC), and Health Care Pharmaceutical Index (HCPI). The results of this study show a great disparity and lack of homogeneity among the pharmacoeconomic indicators in the different countries. MTC is higher in Central Europe countries, while France and the United Kingdom have the lowest MTC and RC. RC, a relative indicator of antidepressant cost for the patient, is higher not only in Germany and Denmark but also in Mediterranean countries. Concerning the Government cost, HCPI shows higher values for countries with lower total health expenses per capita, such as Spain, Italy and Ireland. No correlation exists either between MTC and launching year of the different SSRI. The lack of homogeneity in the analysed parameters may be due, in our opinion, to a series of factors, such as the R&D expenses, the commercial policy of pharmaceutical companies or the price control by Regulatory Authorities, which have a different repercussion in EU countries.     

The implications for households of environmental tax reform (ETR) in Europe

The paper discusses the distributional implications of environmental tax reform (ETR) for households, and presents new results from modelling the impacts of a major ETR for the European Union. The distributional effects arise from the new environmental taxes, any tax reductions made as part of the ETR, the wider macroeconomic impacts from the ETR, any special provisions in the ETR, and the environmental benefits from the ETR. The paper's literature review makes clear that while the impacts from taxes on the household use of energy are very often regressive, transport taxes tend not to be, although the impacts differ between urban and rural households. Moreover, the net distributional impact is often less regressive, or not at all, once the wider distributional effects are taken into account. Residual regressive effects can in principle be removed by further adjustments in the tax or benefits system. The modelling results suggest that an ETR in Europe will actually increase real incomes across the EU as a whole, and will not be generally regressive, although the results differ by country and for different socio-economic groups. The political acceptability of ETR may depend on the worst effects on these groups being mitigated in some way.     

Deep Economic Integration: Is Europe a Blueprint?*

This article revisits the long process of deep integration in Europe, asking which elements belong to a blueprint that could be used elsewhere, particularly in Asia. To that effect, it delves into those features that are not desirable and that should be avoided. The underlying theme is that integration is thoroughly controversial: delegation of power is of the essence but it comes at the expense of sovereignty; and economic integration is globally beneficial but creates losers alongside winners. As a consequence, compensating measures and diplomatic compromises are unavoidable, often at the expense of economic logic. This paper offers a number of suggestions designed to mitigate the negative effects of such unavoidable developments.     

Re‐entering Europe: Does European Union candidacy boost foreign direct investment?

This study examines the ability of the Central and Eastern European countries to attract foreign direct investment during the first decade of transition. After considering a model of profit maximizing firms, we undertake an empirical investigation of the factors that determine multinational firms’ location decisions within Europe. We find empirical support for the traditional market size and cost factors. In addition, we examine the effect of key European Union announcements regarding the accession process. Results indicate that the announcements had statistically significant and quantitatively important effects on foreign direct investment in the Central and Eastern European candidate countries.     

The deregulation of international trucking in the European Union: form and effect

We describe the regulatory regime under which international trucking operated in Western Europe until the mid-1980s, the deregulatory process that followed, and the effect of this deregulation. We find that deregulation had a large positive effect on the growth of international trucking. We also find that shippers shifted toward more outsourcing of their trucking needs, but this occurred to an even greater extent in local and national road transport. We conclude that other factors beside the deregulation of international trucking affected the organization of the industry at the time. Finally, despite concerns voiced by member countries, we find no evidence that deregulation disproportionately favored carriers of countries that were initially more (or less) involved in international trucking, nor that it has favored low-wage countries.      

Institutional arrangements and price rebalancing: empirical evidence from the United States and Europe

This paper explores the rebalancing of prices for voice service in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) from conceptual and empirical perspectives. We determine the overall cost and structure of a standardized basket of residential and business services. Our data indicate that during the 1994–2000 period the degree of rate rebalancing was significantly higher in the EU than in the US. While the developments at the level of EU Member States are more heterogeneous and the process of rate rebalancing is not completed, these findings correspond to the predictions derived from our comparative institutional analysis.     

The Powers of The Central Governments and the Problems of Enlarging and Deepening the European Union: An Essay of Constitutional Political Economy

In this paper we present an adaptation of Buchanan and Tullock’s model in order to apply it to the constitutional choices regarding the assigning of powers to a supranational authority. The outcome of the economic-political model developed in this paper demonstrates that there are constraints in the supply of integration, suggesting that the enlargement and deepening of the European Union will have to be based on federalist conceptions. The authors should like to thanks seminar participants at European Public Choice conference (Belgirate 2002) and ECSA-C conference (Toronto 2002) where earlier versions of the paper have benefited from constructive suggestions. The authors assume the sole responsibility for any errors remaining in this version.     

The impact of electricity prices on foreign direct investment: evidence from the European Union

We examine the impact of electricity price variation on net FDI (%GDP) inflows in countries of the European Union. We use panel data of 27 EU countries for a period of 2003 – 2013. We show that electricity prices of south-western and north-eastern EU countries did not converge to one price until now. Dynamic panel data analysis using system GMM shows that besides unit labour costs, tax rates and competitive disadvantage in secondary education, also higher electricity prices reduce countries’ ability to attract FDI. The immediate effects are statistically significant across both sub-regions analysed: in the short run, a 10% increase in electricity prices leads to a decrease in net FDI inflows as a share of GDP by 0.4 percentage points for the south-western and 0.33 for the north-eastern region. In the long run, the response is 0.60 percentage points for south-western and 0.48 for north-eastern regions. Policies should aim at reducing electricity market price differences on the European level through investment in transborder transmission capacity; reductions in FDI, when environmental policy increases after-tax electricity prices, should be countered by other tax reductions as well as harmonization of property rights, absence of corruption and labour market regulations at best-practice level.