浅析我国当前的结构性失业问题

当前我国的失业问题已经引起社会的普遍关注。如何正确认识和处理这一问题,是直接关系到社会稳定、经济发展的大事。我国的失业明显具有结构性失业的特征,受到诸如经济体制转换、二元经济结构、产业结构调整、资本深化过程等多方面因素的影响。对我国当前的结构性失业问题进行分析,有利于我们深化对失业问题的认识,同时有助于提出解决失业问题的切实可行、有实效的对策。     

我国失业问题的多样性

中国潜在的失业率相当高，失业成因多样，类型繁杂，结构性失业以及国有企事业单位和农村大量隐蔽性失业公开化，是当前失业问题日趋恶化的症结。积极发展乡镇企业、非公有制经济和第三产业，加强就业者和失业者的再培训，是改善我国失业状况的有效途径。     

国内外结构性失业研究文献述评

结构性失业是指劳动力在包括职业技能、知识经验结构、年龄构成、性别、主观意愿、区域分布等方面的供给结构与社会对劳动力的需求结构不一致而导致的失业.本文从三个方面对国内外结构性失业的研究文献进行梳理,以期对我国的结构性失业问题解决提供一定的理论支持.     

高校毕业生结构性失业问题研究

从1999年大学扩招至今，中国的大学教育已完成了从“精英教育”到“大众教育”的转变。随着大学生人数的逐年上升，毕业生就业率也在逐年下降。从结构性失业的视角分析可看出了大学生结构性失业现象的原因，从而总结出了如何解决我国高校毕业生结构性失业问题的对策和措施。     

我国结构性失业的现状及对策

作为一个劳动力人口大国，失业问题一直困扰着我国经济和社会的发展。伴随着经济体制转轨、产业结构调整和经济发展方式转变等一系列的结构性调整，我国的结构性失业问题日益凸显，已经引起社会各界的广泛关注。倘若结构性失业问题得不到有效解决，必将严重制约我国经济的可持续发展和社会的稳定和谐。     

我国三次产业间的结构性失业研究

失业问题已经成为我国的社会、经济问题之一。一般认为,我国当前的失业既有经济不景气所造成的周期性失业,也有产业、行业结构调整所导致的结构性失业。目前,更多的研究把注意力放在如何刺激经济增长以提高就业的总水平上,对我国作为一个转型国家所出现的结构性失业讨...     

新加坡解决结构性失业问题的经验及启示

为降低日益严重的结构性失业对劳动力市场的冲击,新加坡劳、资、政三方合作推出职业再造计划,通过提升职业形象、改善劳动条件、提高工资等措施来增加职业的吸引力,并发掘更多的就业机会以增加就业。新加坡的经验对中国解决结构性失业问题有一定借鉴意义。     

我国结构性失业的现状、原因及对策

我国社会经济的变革引发劳动力需求结构的巨大变动,但由于劳动者家庭、教育体系及劳动力市场等方面的原因,导致劳动力供给结构的调整不能适应劳动力需求结构的变动,形成结构性失业。本文从劳动力供给结构角度,分析我国结构性失业问题的形成原因,以找到缓解的方法。     

解决我国失业问题的思路

<正> 失业,作为现代经济生活中的一种普遍现象,其产生具有客观必然性。社会制度的不同并不能消除失业。1、对我国失业现状的估计据预测,今后十年,我国人口增长仍处于高峰期,平均每年新增劳动力将超过性失业、结构性失业、摩擦性失业、差额性失业、信息性失业、自愿性失业、地区性失业、隐蔽性失业、技术性失业等。就我国而言,在相当一段时间里解决失业问题的难点和重点应放在对差额性失业和隐蔽性失业上。差额性失业,简言之,     

当前中国结构性失业成因的理论分析

结构性失业是中国经济转型期必然面临的一大问题,阐述了结构性失业的类型,分析了结构性失业的形成机理,论证了结构性失业的各个影响因素及其性质。     

Economic growth,structural change,and search unemployment

Economic growth is driven by structural change. Structural change does not come without a cost. The most evident social cost of structural change is high and persistent unemployment. This paper develops a model with an endogenously expanding service sector, where the constant flow of workers in and out of employment leads to structural unemployment. The main finding is that the level of unemployment is different between the initial period and the long-run equilibrium growth path, and that along the transition path, the level of unemployment will overshoot its equilibrium level, which can explain the long-run pattern of unemployment in most industrialized countries.      

Image and Reality in Economic Development

Since the financial meltdown of 2007, unemployment has consistently been above 6.0 percent. On one level, long-term unemployment can be accounted for by structural changes. But, on another level, the problem of long-term unemployment is really no more complicated than the absence of effective demand. This study looks at the demographics of the long-term unemployed for the years 2007-2010, and compares them to the years 1991-1994 to see what changes have occurred specifically among the long-term unemployed. The data shows that, in terms of structural changes, the 1991-1994 and 2007-2010 periods were not much different. Rather, the nature of this recession resulted in an altered composition of the long-term unemployed. Because long-term unemployment in this recession is a function of a particularly deep recession, a new approach is needed. Based on the data, this study argues for a wage policy that would allow for people to increase their effective demand for goods and services.     

Equilibrium unemployment, search behaviour and unemployment persistency

Unemployment persistency and high equilibrium unemployment isoften assumed to be caused by rigidities and low search efficiencyin the labour market, especially in European welfare stateswith generous income replacement schemes. These arguments aretested on data from Sweden, an old welfare state with a longperiod of full employment that has changed into a situationwith high unemployment. Data show a clear and very strong unemploymentduration dependency, but it is not possible to prove that thisis a result of low employability among the long-term unemployed.Getting a job is most of all associated with relative qualifications,recall expectations and local labour market conditions, andnot with search behaviour or high wage demands. It is arguedthat unemployment duration when unemployment is high can bestbe understood as a selection process rather than a search process,and that econometric estimations of equilibrium unemploymentare too pessimistic about the potential for an expansive economicpolicy. It is also argued that an active labour market policyis a more efficient compliment to such a policy than changesin income replacement ratios.     

The Beveridge curve in Europe: new evidence using national and regional data

The Beveridge curve depicts the empirical negative relationship between job vacancy rate and unemployment rate, and reflects the efficiency of the job matching process. Movements along a fixed downward sloping Beveridge curve are associated with cyclical shocks, while shifts of the curve arise from structural factors that alter the matching efficiency between job vacancies and unemployed workers. National and regional data on job vacancies and unemployment are combined to estimate the Beveridge curves of five European countries and their regions, focusing on the period 1975 to 2004. I also analyse whether shifts in European Beveridge curves are due to changes in the composition of the unemployed pool, labour market rigidities or cyclical and structural shocks. The empirical evidence suggests that changes in labour market rigidities, long term unemployment, as well as cyclical shocks are responsible for outward shifts in European Beveridge curves. I also find evidence of nonlinearities in the relation between unemployment and labour market institutions.     

Optimal Workfare with Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment*

This paper addresses the welfare implications of introducing workfare into unemployment benefit policy. We consider a population composed of employed and unemployed workers and of individuals who do not seek employment. Job search behavior is unobservable, which means that voluntarily unemployed individuals can claim unemployment insurance (UI) benefits intended for unemployed workers. As a consequence, pecuniary benefit schemes underinsure workers against unemployment. We show that requiring unproductive activities (workfare) in exchange for UI benefits may generate a Pareto improvement by facilitating better unemployment insurance for workers, and we characterize the situations where this is the case.     

The Impact of Globalization on the Structural Unemployment: An Empirical Reappraisal

This paper analyzes the direct effects of various measures of globalization on the structural unemployment in 87 countries for the period from 1991 to 2014. The model specifications are based on the Ricardian Comparative Advantage and the Heckscher–Ohlin models. It is found that one standard deviation increase in the trade openness approximately leads to 0.6 percentage point lower structural unemployment rate. The effects of economic, social, and political aspects of globalization on the structural unemployment are also negative, but they are found as statistically insignificant. The paper also implements various robustness checks and argues potential implications.     

Natural and cyclical unemployment: A stochastic frontier decomposition and economic policy implications

This work splits effective unemployment into two components: natural unemployment, and cyclical unemployment. For that purpose, an estimation of the stochastic cost frontier is performed. The study is focused on the 17 autonomous communities in Spain over the period 1982–2012. Results evidence greater importance of the natural component as the principal determinant of effective unemployment. When comparing these results with those obtained applying univariate filters, the distribution in the components of the effective unemployment changes, increasing the importance of cyclical unemployment. This result indicates that the policymakers should have a greater power to implement aggregate demand policies.     

The Beveridge curve and labour market dynamics in Turkey

This article investigates the dynamics of unemployment and vacancy rates in Turkey during the period 1951 to 2008 by means of a Beveridge Curve (BC). The time-series analysis of unemployment and vacancies as well as two other relevant labour market variables, real wages and real labour productivity, strongly suggests inefficiency in the Turkish labour market. A stable long-run relationship between unemployment rate and vacancy rate is found for Turkey, that is, the existence of a negatively sloped BC is verified. The estimated Turkish BC reflects the structural problems and lack of flexibility in the labour market. The modified BC with real wages and labour productivity reveals that labour productivity has no significant effect on unemployment rate whereas wages have positive and significant effects on the same variable.     

Macroeconomics and Credit Markets

The extent to which freedom should prevail continues to be a lingering question in the economic discipline. The article focuses on how freedom is conceptualized. The question addressed is whose freedoms are being served through economic self-governance. The profit seeking microeconomic objective of capitalists, as addressed by Karl Marx, must lead to structural change resulting in unemployment. But unemployment has disastrous social costs. So the promotion of freedom for capitalists comes at a high cost toward society. Thus it is argued that the concept of freedom is itself a paradox. Freedom itself must be constrained to be viable.