耕地资源利用的代际公平原则与社会经济可持续发展

论文在界定耕地资源代际公平内涵的基础上．阐述代际公平原则对传统经济学理论的挑战，接着指出了我国目前耕地资源利用存在着数量存量失衡和功能存量的危机，最后提出了我国耕地资源利用代际失衡的原因及对策。     

土地征用政策的代际负外部性研究

该文运用博弈论的分析方法,研究土地征用所造成的代际负外部性问题。研究表明:征地政策中决策者与决策执行者以及决策受益人,选择具有代际负外部性的策略,根源在于该策略具有显著的均衡性与激励动机。在此基础上,本文提出了通过树立代际公平意识,建立征地政策代际负外部性补偿机制等政策措施逐步解决征地负外部性问题。     

论可持续发展的代际公平原则对会计理论的影响

代际公平原则是可持续发展的一个重要原则,它将对传统会计理论产生较大影响。本文针对它对会计目标、会计假设、会计要素等的影响进行初步探讨。     

论可持续发展的代际公平原则对会计理论的影响

代际公平原则是可持续发展的一个重要原则,它将对传统会计理论产生较大影响。本文针对它对会计目标、会计假设、会计要素等的影响进行初步探讨。     

生活适应状况、公平感知程度与农民工的城市社区融入预期

基于目标设置理论的渐进适应模型,本文利用调研数据实证分析了生活适应状况、公平感知程度对农民工城市社区融入预期的影响及代际差异。生活适应状况对农民工的城市社区融入预期具有显著的正向影响;公平感知程度的强化有助于提升农民工的融入预期,同时其在农民工的生活适应状况和社区融入预期之间存在着一定的调节效应;生活适应状况、公平感知程度对农民工城市社区融入预期的影响存在明显的代际差异,在生活适应变量上突出表现为完全适应城市生活对新生代农民工的城市社区融入预期具有显著的提升效应,而对第一代农民工则呈现抑制效应;在公平感知变量上主要表现为公平感知程度对于新生代农民工群体的调节作用更为明显。     

农村居民代际收入流动性及传递机制分析

本文运用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1989~2011年的数据,对农村居民代际收入流动性趋势及传递机制进行了分析。研究结果表明:第一,1989~2011年间,农村居民代际收入弹性总体较高,表明代际收入流动性整体较低;尽管如此,高收入的子代受父代收入的影响却比较小。第二,从代际收入弹性这20多年的变化趋势看,1997年达到峰值后,代际收入弹性缓慢下降,然而在2011年时,代际收入弹性有所反弹。第三,以子代受教育年限代表的人力资本投资确实是解释农村代际收入流动性的重要因素,而以子代职业类型代表的社会资本投资则在农村居民代际收入传递机制中扮演着更加重要的角色。要提高农村居民的代际收入流动性,政府需要进一步增加对农村的优质教育资源供给,以保证各个阶层子代拥有公平受教育的机会。此外,政府还需要不断提高劳动力就业市场的规范程度,努力打破劳动力就业市场中的"双轨制"。     

我国农地产权代际补偿基金的代际分配问题研究

[目的]文章提出农地资源代际补偿技术手段,探索适合国情的农地产权代际补偿基金模式,解决基金代际分配的定量分析问题,提升我国农地征收补偿公平政策制定的科学化水平。[方法]从外部性理论视角对农地功能价值属性重新归类,经济与生态属性价格叠加构成农地直接产品价格,通过农地直接产品价格形成农地产权价格。纳入代际公平因素,建立替代现行土地征收价格制度的农地产权代际补偿基金,基金资金主要由农地产权价格形成,全面体现当代人与后代人的产权利益。借助Diamond模型,构建农地产权价格代际分配公式,模拟农地征收后产权价格在当代人与后代人之间分配的决策行为。运用脱钩理论作为产权价格分配公式中代内消费倾向θ变量选取的理论依据,采用Tapio弹性系数法对θ值进行模拟,预测当代人与后代人之间的土地产权价格分配,以四川省乐至县为例进行具体实证计算。[结果]乐至县单位农地面积的产权价格是1 583.35万元/hm~2,预测出当代人30年以内分得的土地价格是791.67万元/hm~2,后代人支配剩余土地价格791.67万元/hm~2。[结论]经济与生态属性价格叠加的农地直接产品价格是农地产权代际补偿基金主要资金来源,基金可有效解决农地征收产权价格问题,体现当代人与后代人的共同产权利益; Diamond模型可模拟农地征收产权价格在当代与后代人之间的分配决策行为,经预测:伴随农民收入增加,代内消费倾向θ呈现逐步减少的趋势,代际支付意愿增加,当代人与后代人趋向对农地产权价格的均分。     

什么是可持续发展

可持续发展是指“既满足当代人的需要,又不对后代人满足其需要能力构成危害的发展。”可持续发展强调追求两方面的公平。一是本代人的公平即代内公平,要满足全体人民的基本需求和机会均等,以实现他们较好生活的愿望。二是代际公平即世代平等,人类赖以生存的自然资源是有限的,当代人要合理利用资源,不要损害后代人获得发展的能力。持续性原则的核心是指人类自身的繁衍、经济建设和社会发展不能超越自然资源与生态环境的承载能力,资源的永续利用和生态系统的可持续性是保证人类持续发展的首要条件。要实现可持续发展,就应采取全球共同…     

应用电子商务促进林业企业可持续发展

可持续发展强调由于资源稀缺、环境有限,为求发展而对资源、环境进行消耗、利用时,必须保障代内公平和代际公平,高科技的发展、电子商务的出现为可持续发展提供了新思路及新方法.本文论述了应用电子商务对林业企业可持续发展的重要作用,并就林业企业如何开展电子商务进行了初步的探讨.     

应用电子商务 促进林业企业可持续发展

可持续发展强调由于资源稀缺、环境有限,为求发展而对资源、环境进行消耗、利用时,必须保障代内公平和代际公平,高科技的发展、电子商务的出现为可持续发展提供了新思路及新方法。本文论述了应用电子商务对林业企业可持续发展的重要作用,并就林业企业如何开展电子商务进行了初步的探讨。     

Living with the Curse of Dimensionality: Closed-Loop Optimization in a Large-Scale Fisheries Simulation Model

Facilitated by remarkable increases in computational speed, simulation models are becoming more and more complex and are being increasingly used in applied economic analysis. However, computational limitations remain a major barrier to the study of dynamically optimal policies. We study the problem of carrying out dynamic optimization in conjunction with large simulation models and propose a method for working around the computational difficulties that arise in such problems. Our methods are applied to a model of the Gulf of Mexico's red snapper fishery to study the dynamically optimal total allowable catch.     

城乡结合部土壤的元素污染及其防治对策

说明了城乡结合部土壤中致污元素的4个主要来源，即工业源、农业源、生活源和交通源，分析了元素污染的生态效应，揭示了污染危害的严重性，提出了严控工业三废排放、加强农业污染监测和治理、利用微生物提高土壤环境容量、开展植物修复技术和区域生态风险评价的研究等防治对策。     

Land consolidation,customary lands,and Ghana's Northern Savannah Ecological Zone: An evaluation of the possibilities and pitfalls

Land fragmentation has been identified to greatly undermine crop production in many countries. In the case of Ghana’s customary tenure system, household farmlands are relatively small and are highly fragmented. Recent agricultural drives, however, have focused on farm level interventions that are ad hoc with short-term benefits. A sustainable long-term application of land consolidation which reorganises farmlands may improve yields, reduce the cost of production and improve the incomes of farmers. The successful implementation of land consolidation depends greatly on the suitability of local conditions with respect to land tenure and land use. However, in Ghana’s customary lands, the alignment between the requirements for land consolidation and existing conditions remains unexplored. This study investigated the feasibility of land consolidation within the customary tenure by juxtaposing the local conditions of the study areas with the baseline conditions for land consolidation outlined in literature. Using both qualitative and spatial data, the study revealed some traits of convergence and divergence with respect to the baseline conditions in the study areas. For example, conditions such as the existence of land fragmentation, suitable topography and soil distribution were fully met. Conditions such as the existence of a land bank, technical expertise, and infrastructure and supportive legal frameworks were partially met. The remaining conditions such as the willingness to participate, availability of a land information system and favorable land ownership structure were non-existent. The circumstances surrounding these unmet conditions are deeply embedded in customs and traditions that hardly yield to change. Since these conditions are fundamental for land consolidation, their absence negates the feasibility of land consolidation under the current tenure system of the study areas.     

The role of macro-economic indicators in explaining direct commercial real estate returns: evidence from South Africa

This study investigates the role of macro-economic indicators in explaining direct real estate returns in South Africa (SA). Literature review is conducted to identify factors that drive direct commercial real returns and the identified drivers are tested in an emerging market. The study applies SA annual commercial real estate returns including total returns, rental growth and capital growth published by the Investment Property Databank (IPD) over the past 20 years, from 1995 to 2014, as an independent variable. The most dominant and significant factors that explain total returns across all property types and provinces in South Africa are GDP, unemployment rates and interest rates which are macro-economic indicators. Our study finds key differences between the determinants of total return and change in capital values which are different from the variables which determine rental growth – the results also highlight the heterogeneity and complexity of real estate returns. These results are important for asset managers as well as government regulatory agencies to make better informed decisions in relation to factors which affect direct real estate returns in an emerging economy.     

Contribution to a renewed framework for analysing the interactions between family and capitalist agriculture

We examine whether current assumptions concerning the declining resilience of family farming and the growing influence of capitalist forms of agricultural production are being confirmed in the cocoa sector of Cameroon and the coffee sector of Kenya. This study is based on surveys of 181 family and capitalist farmers. Our results indicate that the capitalist approach is being consolidated on former colonial coffee estates in Kenya and on the cocoa pioneer front in Cameroon. This study also shows that in areas with a long history of family farming, family forms are showing good resilience due to a diversification of activities and sources of income, especially nonagricultural ones, and the patrimonialization of the land. Finally, this study proposes a framework for analysing the interactions between family and capitalist agriculture and their respective multisectorial strategies. For family farming, these strategies are based on work force mobility, whereas for capitalist agriculture, they are based on financial capital mobility.     

Market Integration in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Selected Vegetables in Indonesian Markets

Abstract

Market integration has retained and increased in importance in the recent years, particularly in developing countries, where it has potential application to policy questions regarding government intervention in markets. Specifically, it provides evidence of competitiveness of the market, effectiveness of arbitrage and efficiency of pricing. In this study, selected vegetables in Indonesian markets are used as a case study. Indonesia, consisting of 17,000 islands and 182 million people, provides an interesting case study because of the importance of vegetable production and marketing in the rapidly growing economy. The results suggest that none of the markets are segmented. Short- and long-run market integration tests suggest that transportation and product perishability are important in explaining the speed of price transmission. Another important result is that market integration is directional.     

Changing Food Consumption of Households in Developing Countries: A Bangladesh Case

Increasing incomes, urbanization, and population growth are transforming developing countries. This structural transformation is changing lifestyles and consequently food consumption and agri-food systems. The present study uses Bangladesh as a case study, a rapidly growing developing economy in South Asia to examine the changing food consumption pattern. Using information from more than 29,000 households, the present study demonstrates that, with the increase in income and urbanization, this traditional rice-consuming country is increasingly consuming more wheat. The changes in the relative consumption in Bangladesh are prominent both in rural and urban areas. The literature often is based on the premise that with increasing income, households switch from staple cereals to high food-value items. The present study highlights the need to also consider within-staple substitution.     

Integrating the environmental and economic consequences of converting to organic agriculture: evidence from a case study

In the current debate about the future of food quality, the merits of organic agriculture are frequently championed, but few studies have sought to integrate the changes in soil conditions, biodiversity and socio-economic welfare linked to the conversion from non-organic to organic production. This article aims to undertake this approach with respect to one case study. Its conclusions may not be representative for all organic conversions, but the findings are of relevance at a time of debate over changing patterns of subsidies and other incentives in agricultural policy. The study showed that there were demonstrable differences in overall environmental conditions in the comparison of organic and non-organic farming, with field evidence of increased species diversity, and an eventual improvement in the profitability of the organic farming regime. The broad conclusion is that there are definite environmental and economic advantages arising from organic agriculture that are not fully reflected in the present pattern of agricultural incentives. The study also showed that variations in farm management practice strongly influence the notion of on-farm and off-farm environmental consequences. The implications of these findings for the future of sustainable agriculture and for interdisciplinary science are also discussed.     

城市基准地价合理性判别方法研究

研究目的:考察分析北京市等32个大中城市间基准地价与相关经济发展水平的相互联系及其与之相关的土地利用问题.研究方法:逐步回归和序列化比较.研究结果:针对城市基准地价相对独立的特点,运用上述两种方法,揭示影响不同类型城市基准地价的敏感性因子及其规律,判别可比性区域内不同城市间的基准地价水平是否合理及具有区域可比性.研究结论:为解决区域基准地价平衡问题和与之相关的土地利用问题提供宏观统计依据和方法借鉴.     

MEASURING OLIGOPOLY POWER AND PRODUCTION RESPONSES OF THE CANADIAN FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

This study is concerned with the measurement of factor demand responses and other production characteristics of the food processing industry in Canada. An important feature of the study is that it allows for non-competitive behaviour of the industry and thus permits an estimation of the degree of oligopoly power. The major results of the study are that the hypothesis of (output) price-taking behaviour is statistically rejected and that the average degree of oligopoly power is significant. Moreover, the industry appears to be quite responsive to changes in the factor price structure. Labour and energy are the most responsive inputs while raw food materials and capital show substantially less sensitivity to price variations.