Urban Land: Price Indices,Performance, and Leading Indicators

The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics - This study had two objectives: first, to evaluate the historical performance of urban land prices across 20 prominent U.S. metro markets; and...     

中国股票指数体系评价方法

指数体系应具备代表性、可投资性和服务性三项功能目标.本文提出一套符合中国实际的指数体系评价方法,来指导投资者选择指数服务商提供的指数体系服务.     

Controlling for Quality in House Price Indices

Given the importance of house prices it is not surprising that house price indices are used for many purposes. One of the factors that differentiates these indices is the house price determinants (such as structural characteristics and neighborhood quality) that are accounted for—that is, held constant. Indices are usually generated from house price regressions. It is shown that, regardless of the desired level of accounting, it is necessary to control for all significant determinants of house prices in these regressions to obtain unbiased estimates of the growth in house prices. An empirical example shows that not controlling for neighborhood quality can lead to substantial biases in estimates of house price appreciation rates even if the index does not account for this factor.     

Three New Real Estate Price Indices for Geneva,Switzerland

This paper develops constant-quality price indices for three categories of real estate-apartment buildings, vacant land, and condominiums—for the city of Geneva, Switzerland. We use both the hedonic and repeat sales models to estimate the price level and, in turn, the rate of price change. The general pattern of each series suggests that real estate prices in Geneva were fairly stable throughout the 1970s, increased sharply during the 1980s, but gave back some of these gains in the early 1990s. Interestingly, the sharp rise in prices in the second half of the 1980s is very similar to that found in some regions of the United States. We also consider the problem, implicit in the repeat sales method, of revisions in previously estimated price indices as additional data become available in later years.     

Yes We Can (Price Derivatives on Survivor Indices)

We propose a simulation approach to value derivatives when the underlying dynamics are estimated using the survivor indices directly. Our results show that survivor forward and swap premiums increase with maturity and with the market price of risk. Our results also confirm that taking the optionality into consideration is important from a pricing perspective, for both U.S. women and men. We compare our results to what is obtained using an alternative modeling approach in which a Lee–Carter model is used to indirectly model the survivor index. Compared to this method, our estimated premiums and prices are higher for all longevity products. Moreover, comparing American‐style with European‐style options we find that, although the early exercise option has value when using survivor indices directly, the relative value of the early exercise option is significantly less than when the Lee–Carter model is used to indirectly model the survivor index. It follows that the assumed mortality dynamics have important implications for the term structure of forward and swap premiums and for the effect that changes in the market price of risk has on them.     

土地面积和地价单位换算的简便方法

由于历史原因,我国土地面积的计量单位在不少场合仍沿用"亩"这个单位.基准地价也往往用"万元/亩"作单位.但我国土地面积的法定计量单位是"平方米".土地面积单位在"亩"与"平方米"之间以及地价在"万元/亩"与"元/平方米"之间的换算,还是土地价值评估中经常要遇到的事情.     

非价格数据中的价格信息——对中国价格指数的动态分析

使用基于主成分分析和动态因子模型的框架对我国的消费者物价指数进行动态分析。与传统的研究方式不同,研究试图从非价格指标信息中提取隐含的宏观趋势动态因子,并将其投影在价格指数上,求得最优拟合结果。实证分析结果显示从非价格数据中提取的动态因子可以很好地描述价格指数的变化特征。这也为研究者从实体经济运行状态角度研究宏观经济价格指数以及货币政策的传导机制提供了有效的理论和实践依据。     

The Hierarchical Trend Model for Property Valuation and Local Price Indices

This paper presents a hierarchical trend model (HTM) for selling prices of houses, addressing three main problems: the spatial and temporal dependence of selling prices and the dependency of price index changes on housing quality. In this model the general price trend, cluster-level price trends, and specific characteristics play a role. Every cluster, a combination of district and house type, has its own price development. The HTM is used for property valuation and for determining local price indices. Two applications are provided, one for the Breda region, and one for the Amsterdam region, lying respectively south and north in The Netherlands. For houses in these regions the accuracy of the valuation results are presented together with the price index results. Price indices based on the HTM are compared to a standard hedonic index and an index based on weighted median selling prices published by national brokerage organization. It is shown that, especially for small housing market segments the HTM produces price indices which are more accurate, detailed, and up-to-date.     

城市地价指数体系编制的再思考

本文在阐述城市地价指数特点和地价指数体系构建的基础上,着重对城镇地价指数的编制技术路线进行了探讨,并有针对性地提出了相关建议和意见。     

A Bayesian Approach to the Construction and Comparison of Alternative House Price Indices

Several repeat-sales models have been advanced over the years for estimating real estate price indices. This article proposes a general model which incorporates earlier works as special cases and compares the alternative repeat-sales models using posterior odds ratios as criteria. While the existing literature estimates the real estate indices from the sampling point of view, in this article indices are constructed and then compared using a Bayesian approach. In general, the two-error term models outperform the one-error models. The model with a nontemporal component proposed by Goetzmann and Spiegel is found to be superior in three out of four cities. There is a significant discrepancy among the returns and indices obtained from different models.     

Evaluating the Usefulness of the American Housing Survey for Creating House Price Indices

The American Housing Survey (AHS) is a valuable source of information on houses and occupants over time. The AHS has several advantages over sales data for use in the creation of price indices: it is readily available, has frequent observations over time and space, has data from the late 1970s through the mid-1990s, includes houses that do not sell, as well as those that do, and has information on the occupants. The drawbacks include: a time lag between the interview and the release of the data, data suppression issues, owner-stated house values, and a lack of neighborhood information. In this study, we use the metropolitan version of the AHS, which has been supplemented with the original survey data as well as Census tract data for three cities over 14 years to examine whether the AHS can be used to create indices. Indices are estimated using hedonic, repeat valuation, and hybrid techniques, overcoming some of the problems inherent in the estimation of indices. We find that the data-suppression issues and the owner-stated house values are not problematic. The biggest drawback of the AHS is its lack of objective information on neighborhood quality.     

The Structure of Chinese Urban Land Prices: Estimates from Benchmark Land Price Data

Taking the recent benchmark land prices published by the Chinese city governments, the paper estimates commercial and residential land price curves of Chinese cities using cross-sectional data, controlling for urban population size and income level. The urban land leasing price–distance relationship is estimated based on the argument that monocentric urban structure is representative for Chinese cities. Both population size and income level are found to positively affect urban land price and price–distance gradients. Commercial land prices are higher than residential land prices except in suburbs or outer central urban areas, where the land prices of different uses converge. In most situations, commercial use price gradients are larger than those of residential use.

基准地价测算、变更及应用

目前对基准地价测算和更新的方法在认识上还存在分歧,缺乏深入研究,本文对基准地价测算的方法、基准地价评估区域的确定、基准地价变更的思路和基准地价在宗地评估中的应用进行了较为全面的探讨,对促进地产市场健康发展和资产评估具有一定的借鉴意义.     

The Hierarchical Repeat Sales Model for Granular Commercial Real Estate and Residential Price Indices

This paper concerns the estimation of granular property price indices in commercial real estate and residential markets. We specify and apply a repeat sales model with multiple stochastic log price trends having a hierarchical additive structure: One common log price trend and cluster specific log price trends in deviation from the common trend. Moreover, we assume that the error terms potentially have a heavy tailed (t) distribution to effectively deal with outliers. We apply the hierarchical repeat sales model on commercial properties in the Philadelphia/Baltimore region and on residential properties in a small part of Amsterdam. The results show that the hierarchical repeat sales model provides reliable indices on a very detailed level based on a small number of observations. The estimated degrees of freedom for the t-distribution is small, largely rejecting the commonly made assumption of normality of the error term.     

Price Indices Based on the Hedonic Repeat-Sales Method: Application to the Housing Market

Shiller (1993) proposes the hedonic repeated-measures (HRM) approach to measuring constant quality price indices for heterogeneous assets such as some bonds and real estate. We derive a mathematical relationship between the coefficients of the HRM model and those from the standard repeat-sales model, and we demonstrate how hedonic characteristics should be chosen for inclusion in the HRM model. Empirical estimates using Fairfax, Virginia, housing transactions data show that the HRM price index evaluated at the mean of the hedonic variable is virtually identical to the standard repeat sales index, just as predicted by our mathematical relationship. But the HRM allows estimation of different price paths for heterogeneous assets. We demonstrate that use of assessed value as the only hedonic characteristic allows parsimonious HRM estimates.     

基准地价修正系数法评估的风险研究

房地产价格评估的主要依据包括委托方提供的相关资料,国家的有关标准,地方政府公布的指导参考标准,估价人员的现场勘查收集资料、市场收集资料及估价经验,各种参考数据手册等.<中华人民共和国城市房地产管理法>规定,"基准地价、标定地价和各类房屋的重置价格应当定期确定并公布".当前,各地基本上均公布了基准地价.基准地价成为估价人员热衷采用的估价依据,甚至普遍把基准地价系数修正法作为地价评估的首选方法.这么做主要原因是,普遍认为该方法资料容易收集,价格标准是政府公布的,不会出现估价风险.