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1.
中国在加入WTO后将处于一个全方位开放的经济体系中,对外经贸将获得空前发展,但这并非意味着中国商品可以在国际市场上畅行无阻。关税壁垒趋弱,但技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)特别是绿色技术壁垒日趋发展强化。应对该壁垒之策是环境成本内部化,以此为基建立统一的价格机制,从而维护公平有效的市场,优化资源分配。但环境成本内部化后不同国家相同产品的比较优势在原有基础上发生改变,形成有别于传统的新比较优势。 相似文献
2.
一、比较优势理论与竞争优势理论的主要观点 (一)比较优势理论的发展主要经历了三个阶段,古典贸易理论、新古典贸易理论和当代新贸易理论 1.古典贸易理论主要指亚当·斯密的绝对成本理论和大卫·李嘉图的比较成本理论. 相似文献
3.
中澳贸易自21世纪以来迅速发展,产业间贸易是其主要形式,双边贸易依存度不断增强.从贸易基础看,两国要素禀赋各异,产业结构互补,经济发展水平相差甚大;从贸易结构看,两国总体贸易结构互补,货物贸易结构互补,甚至农产品内部贸易结构也是互补的 相似文献
4.
发达国家日益复杂和严格的环境规制措施,对我国许多行业产品的出口造成了极大的影响。文章选取1991—1992年、1995—1996年、1999—2000年、2002—2003年和2005—2006年五个时段六个污染密集程度不同产业的RCA指数,实证分析环境规制对不同产业出口贸易的影响,得出结论:我国重度污染密集型产业的比较优势相比发达国家整体上获得了加强;中度污染密集型产业RCA指数的变化趋势因产业而异,但大多在21世纪都有程度不同的提高;而轻度污染密集型产业RCA指数却持续在下降。因此,文章在制定高效的环境规制政策、优化出口产品结构和鼓励出口企业进行环境技术创新等方面提出了政策建议。 相似文献
5.
浅谈环境成本内部化与国际贸易比较 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
由于没有考虑环境因素 ,传统的国际贸易理论形成的贸易格局不能反映实际情况 ,文章就是针对这一问题 ,引入了环境成本因素 ,通过它在国际上对不同产业和不同类型国家间 ,在一国内对污染密集型产业和资源密集型产业的比较优势影响 ,产生的国际贸易格局和一国产业结构发生变化的效果 ,说明环境成本对国际贸易的重要性。在今后的国际贸易事务中我们应充分地考虑到这一因素发挥的作用 相似文献
6.
环境成本、环境规制与国际分工 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
传统的国际分工理论没有把环境作为一种要素禀赋对待,导致发展中国家环境恶化,并由此带来全球环境问题,本文认为环境是一种重要的要素禀赋,提出应将环境和其他要素禀赋优势结合起来,通过环境成本内在化手段推动建立以环境规制为基础的新的国际分工体系,并在此基础上提出提升我国国际分工地位的若干建议。 相似文献
7.
传统的贸易理论强调的比较利益结构都是建立在一国产业的比较优势的基础上的.是以“生产规模报酬不变”和“完全竞争”为条件的。而新贸易理论大量运用产业组织市场结构、不完全竞争、规模经济和产品差异来构建新的理论模型。我国在利用自己的比较优势和要素禀赋发展产业闻贸易的同时,也应该利用国外需求结构的不同、规模经济和产品差异来发展我国产业内的贸易。 相似文献
8.
比较优势理论及其研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
古典比较优势理论在两个核心概念和四个基本定理的框架下,经过需求相似理论、产业内贸易理论、中间产品模型等新贸易理论的补充,已形成基本完善的理论架构,但实证分析并不完全支持其适用性。发展中国家学者从长期考察,对这一理论的指导作用持谨慎态度。 相似文献
9.
比较优势理论研究述评 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
根据比较优势理论研究的新进展,本文对比较优势理论进行了系统述评。本文用超边际分析方法阐述Ricardian模型的均衡解是各国进行专业化分工并出口技术比较优势产品;本文分别用序列分析法和边际分析方法对HOV理论进行了分析,两种分析方法的均衡解都符合比较优势理论的基本思想。比较优势的来源除了技术、要素禀赋,还有规模经济、交易效率等,这些是决定当今国际贸易结构的重要因素。 相似文献
10.
成本竞争抑或附加值竞争?——比较优势理论的新发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
现有的比较优势理论是成本原则,即机会(生产)成本越低,比较优势越大。但是从目前我国的外贸状况来看,比较优势理论需要发展成为一种附加值原则,即生产的相对附加值越大,比较优势越大。以比较优势附加值原则作为外贸出口的理论指导,可以解决我国成本优势逐渐丧失带来的外贸增长困境以及减少贸易摩擦等相关问题。 相似文献
11.
Geoffrey E. Schneider 《Forum for Social Economics》2008,37(2):115-124
The theory of comparative institutional advantage posits that certain types of firms locate production facilities in a particular
location and avoid other locations due to unique institutional advantages and disadvantages. In sub-Saharan Africa, neoliberal
policies, weak and corrupt states, and Transnational Corporations have created a particularly destructive variant of capitalism.
African capitalism generates little in the way of economic growth, rewards mainly the TNC and the African elites, and undermines
Africa’s economic future via activities that are utterly extractive in nature. African capitalism is facilitated directly
by the WTO, the structural adjustment policies of the IMF and the World Bank, and the institutional structures of African
economies. After outlining the problems with African capitalism as currently structured, the paper goes on to suggest an alternative
to this model involving experimental, embedded, grass roots development efforts that build on domestic cultural institutions
that would generate significantly more positive outcomes for the people of sub-Saharan Africa. By abandoning neoliberal policies,
it might be possible to create a better economic model that would build on community-centered institutional strengths to benefit
a greater proportion of the population.
Geoffrey Schneider is Associate Professor of Economics and Director of the Teaching and Learning Center at Bucknell University. He received his B.A. in economics from Northwestern University, and his Ph.D. in economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he wrote his dissertation on the economic development of South Africa. Professor Schneider regularly teaches courses on economic principles, political economy, African economic development, comparative economic systems and an interdisciplinary capstone on South Africa. He has recently co-authored new editions of two textbooks, Economics: A Tool for Critically Understanding Society (with Tom Riddell, Jean Shackelford and Steve Stamos), and Introduction to Political Economy (with Charles Sackrey and Janet Knoedler). He has published a number scholarly articles on economic development and comparative economic systems, and on teaching and pedagogy. His current research includes a series of papers on comparative institutional advantage and economic systems, including theoretical work and case studies of Sweden, Nicaragua, and sub-Saharan Africa. He was recently selected as the recipient of the Bucknell University Class of 1956 Lectureship Award for Inspirational Teaching. 相似文献
Geoffrey E. SchneiderEmail: |
Geoffrey Schneider is Associate Professor of Economics and Director of the Teaching and Learning Center at Bucknell University. He received his B.A. in economics from Northwestern University, and his Ph.D. in economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he wrote his dissertation on the economic development of South Africa. Professor Schneider regularly teaches courses on economic principles, political economy, African economic development, comparative economic systems and an interdisciplinary capstone on South Africa. He has recently co-authored new editions of two textbooks, Economics: A Tool for Critically Understanding Society (with Tom Riddell, Jean Shackelford and Steve Stamos), and Introduction to Political Economy (with Charles Sackrey and Janet Knoedler). He has published a number scholarly articles on economic development and comparative economic systems, and on teaching and pedagogy. His current research includes a series of papers on comparative institutional advantage and economic systems, including theoretical work and case studies of Sweden, Nicaragua, and sub-Saharan Africa. He was recently selected as the recipient of the Bucknell University Class of 1956 Lectureship Award for Inspirational Teaching. 相似文献
12.
Geoffrey Schneider 《Forum for Social Economics》2013,42(2):115-124
The theory of comparative institutional advantage posits that certain types of firms locate production facilities in a particular location and avoid other locations due to unique institutional advantages and disadvantages. In sub-Saharan Africa, neoliberal policies, weak and corrupt states, and Transnational Corporations have created a particularly destructive variant of capitalism. African capitalism generates little in the way of economic growth, rewards mainly the TNC and the African elites, and undermines Africa’s economic future via activities that are utterly extractive in nature. African capitalism is facilitated directly by the WTO, the structural adjustment policies of the IMF and the World Bank, and the institutional structures of African economies. After outlining the problems with African capitalism as currently structured, the paper goes on to suggest an alternative to this model involving experimental, embedded, grass roots development efforts that build on domestic cultural institutions that would generate significantly more positive outcomes for the people of sub-Saharan Africa. By abandoning neoliberal policies, it might be possible to create a better economic model that would build on community-centered institutional strengths to benefit a greater proportion of the population. 相似文献
13.
Bernard C. Beaudreau 《International economic journal》2016,30(1):1-18
The field of international business/economics is largely dualistic in nature. On one hand is the economics literature which has, for two centuries, focused on the notion of comparative advantage (technology, factor proportions) while on the other is the business literature which has recently developed the concept of competitive advantage. This paper presents a reconciliation of the two based on global value chain/supply chain analysis and the concept of vertical comparative advantage. It is shown that the theory of competitive advantage's epistemological comparative advantage lies with its ‘how to’ approach to developing an advantage, while the theory of comparative advantage's epistemological comparative advantage lies with its account of ‘what is’ and that both are complementary. However, it is also argued that the failure to recognize this complementarity as well as the shortcomings of each have prevented and continue to prevent the emergence of an integrated, empirically-consistent theory of international trade – in short, prevented us from taking advantage of the gains from epistemological trade. 相似文献
14.
作为经济学中最重要的理论之一,比较优势理论揭示了贸易模式的产生原因以及贸易利益的来源.然而,自比较优势理论诞生之日起,就受到了来自各方的批评,英有效性一直受到怀疑.本文描述了比较优势理论模型的扩展,并指出在哪些条件下比较优势理论能够成立.通过这样的研究,可以使我们更加充分地认识比较优势理论的有效性问题. 相似文献
15.
现代比较优势理论剖析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
李卫华 《中南财经政法大学学报》2007,(1):16-20
现代比较优势理论建立在相互矛盾的假设条件之上,因而是不正确的。一个国家的资本劳动比并没有意义,它只是技术水平的反映。国家之间资本劳动比例的不同也只是反映了技术水平的不同。在发达国家和发展中国家之间,贸易的原因是技术差距,而不是资本劳动比例的差异。发展中国家不应该盲目积累资本和提高人均资本的数量,而应该尽快提高本国的技术水平。 相似文献
16.
中国地区粮食生产的优势:一个比较分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
现有关于中国粮食生产的研究,通常假定省区和产品的生产具有同质性.本文修正了这个假定,通过一个比较优势指数来分析我国各省区的粮食生产空间结构,经过理论分析,推出了3个命题:地区粮食生产比较优势的获得主要是依靠规模优势,而不是效率优势;各省区某种粮食的产量占比,与这种粮食的比较优势之间不存在严格的对应关系;特定省区在某些粮食上的比较优势与在其他粮食上的比较优势,通常是不可兼得的.利用2003年各省区稻谷、小麦和玉米的截面数据进行实证分析,结果显示这3个命题能够得到支持. 相似文献
17.
舒燕 《技术经济与管理研究》2011,(3):13-16
随着全球产业结构的升级和国际贸易的发展,服务贸易成为了各国竞争的焦点。研究服务贸易比较优势的形成和转换成为了当务之急。本文从服务贸易总量、国际市场占有率、服务贸易结构三个方面对我国服务贸易的比较优势进行了测度,结果表明我国服务贸易总量增长迅速,远超于世界平均水平,但是总体竞争力低,结构不平衡。运用1982—2006年的数据,以柯布·道格拉斯生产函数为基础,构建服务贸易比较优势影响因素的多要素模型进行实证分析,回归结果显示,物质资本、劳动力、人力资本和FDI对服务贸易出口显著正相关。其中,劳动力的产出弹性最大,人力资本的产出弹性次之,说明我国服务贸易的比较优势主要来源于劳动力,人力资本的促进作用较小,从加大教育投入、增强技术创新、吸引外国投资方面提出促进我国服务贸易比较优势转换的建议。 相似文献
18.
Thomas I. Palley 《Journal of economic issues》2013,47(1):195-208
Gomory and Baumol (2000), and Samuelson (2004) have raised concerns about international trade’s future impact on U.S. national income. The focus is how globalization may affect the size and distribution across countries of gains from trade. Though their analysis is developed using a pure trade theoretical framework, it has strands in common with institutionalist thinking. Their findings spotlight the need for a new U.S. trade policy agenda aimed at maximizing the U.S. share of gains from trade, and complementing conventional Keynesian open economy macroeconomic analysis. 相似文献
19.
通过动态比较优势的理论模型,可揭示后进国家政策介入的必要性和有效性;采用独立随机增量过程马尔可夫链方法,可对中国制造业动态比较优势进行经验验证和预测。结果显示,弱比较劣势产业是目标产业。该些产业的优势状态保持不变或上移的概率高达80%以上,表明它们具有较大的潜在比较优势。 相似文献
20.
在产品价值链全球化过程中,各国生产技术、要素禀赋结构和产业发展环境等方面的差异造成了各国比较优势产品结构的不同,而比较优势产品处于低端的国家获得较少的贸易利益。为了提高对外贸易利益,以低端产品为比较优势的国家应不断提升比较优势产品附加值水平,转变比较优势结构。比较优势结构的变动内生于技术进步和要素禀赋结构的转变,所以应通过加强边干边学、技术创新和对技术扩散的吸收促进技术进步;通过促进资本积累转变要素禀赋结构,特别应注重教育与职业培训,提高人力资本水平和技术创新能力。同时,政府对当前并不具有比较优势但附加值较高的产业进行政策支持,则能够使动态比较优势结构发生逆转,有效促进比较优势产品向高端过渡。 相似文献