Negotiating a Stable Government: An Application of Bargaining Theory to a Coalition Formation Model

In this paper, we apply bargaining theory to a certain model of coalition formation. The notions of a feasible government and a stable government are central in the model considered. By a government, we mean a pair consisting of a majority coalition and a policy supported by this coalition. The aim of this paper is to establish which stable government should be created if more than one stable government exists or, in case there is no stable one, which feasible government should be formed if more than one feasible government exists. Several bargaining procedures leading to the choice of one stable (or feasible) government are proposed. We define bargaining games in which only parties belonging to at least one stable (or feasible) government bargain over the creation of a government. We consider different bargaining costs. We investigate subgame perfect equilibria of the bargaining games defined. It turns out that the prospects of a party depend on the procedure applied, and on the bargaining costs assumed. We also apply the coalition formation model to the Polish Parliament after the 2001 elections and apply the different bargaining games for the creation of a government to this example.     

A Classification of Bargaining Steps and their Impact on Negotiation Outcomes

In this paper, we develop a typology of bargaining steps for multi-issue negotiations, which is derived from possible changes in single issues. By considering all combinations of such changes, we create a consistent classification of steps. This classification forms the basis of an empirical analysis of the impact of different types of bargaining steps on various outcome dimensions of negotiations. We perform an exploratory analysis based on an ex-post analysis of existing negotiation data, which was collected over several years using an Internet-based negotiation support system. Empirical results indicate a strong positive impact of log-rolling strategies and a negative impact of “hard” tactics like insistence on the chances of reaching an agreement. Contrary to expectations, hard tactics do not improve the efficiency of agreements.     

A Cooperative Bargaining Approach to the Assignment Market

For each assignment market, an associated bargaining problem is defined and some bargaining solutions to this problem are analyzed. For a particular choice of the disagreement point, the Nash solution and the Kalai–Smorodinsky solution coincide and give the midpoint between the buyers-optimal core allocation and the sellers-optimal core allocation, and thus they belong to the core.     

The Impact of Ownership on Bargaining Power of Firms in China

Schelling-Muthoo讨价还价思想认为,谈判中让步的成本越小,获得的谈判收益越少。我国部分企业由于存在预算软约束、损失转嫁、多重委托代理等问题,弱化了据理力争的激励,因而在谈判中容易过度让步。本文运用正向求解方法证明了Schelling-Muthoo谈判解,并用自己发展出来的四象限作图方法展示了这一结果。进而运用1999—2007年中国150多万家企业的微观数据进行实证检验,结果发现国有企业和集体企业的中间投入品购买成本显著高于民营企业,表明国有企业和集体企业讨价还价能力较低,因而中国只有继续推进市场化改革,才能对内优化资源配置、对外捍卫国际合作利益。     

Negotiator affect: the state of the art (and the science)

Negotiation, once regarded by researchers as essentially a cognitive process through which parties with non-identical preferences allocate resources through joint decision making, is now understood to have a significant affective component. I discuss in this essay the evolution of research exploring the role of affect in negotiation, consider the interplay of affect and cognition that underlies the papers in this issue, and comment on methodological developments and challenges in the study of negotiator affect. Attention to the role of affect is no longer a peripheral pursuit in negotiation research, but it does remain an elusive one.     

危险化学品安全管理体系建立的研究

本文通过总结发达国家危险化学品安全管理的先进经验,并结合我国安全管理实际工作中存在的问题,提出从法律、政府、技术机构、企业多层次建立高效、科学的危险化学品安全管理体系,希望通过在实践中不断总结规律,不断完善我国的法律法规体制和提高安全科技水平,打开企业安全管理和政府职能部门监管水平的新局面。     

锑杂废料冶炼高纯超细三氧化二锑技术

本文介绍了用锑杂废料冶炼生产高纯超细三氧化二锑的新技术及使用该技术产生的效益。     

A Negotiation Model for Inducing Higher Service in a Distribution Channel

This paper analyzes, in the context of negotiation, the problem of coordination and conflict resolution between the manufacturer (Seller) and the retailers (Buyers) for a two-tier inventory system. The retailers capture demand (from customers) and therefore are responsible for the level of service offered by the system. The larger the inventory that a retailer has of a particular product, the lower the probability of running out of stock and therefore, avoid the possibility of a lost sale for the manufacturer. A conflict arises (and therefore the negotiation process starts) when the manufacturer wants the retailer to increase the level of service while retailers are satisfied with the status quo. Using the Nash bargaining solution, we develop a theoretical framework that incorporates behavioral dimensions and predicts the outcome of “sharing” the profit. The results indicate the advantage of developing long term relationships among the members of the distribution channel to minimize the uncertainty and therefore the source of conflict.     

TNC Motives for Signing International Framework Agreements: A Continuous Bargaining Model of Stakeholder Pressure

Over the past decade, discussion has flourished among practitioners and academics regarding workers’ rights in developing countries. The lack of enforcement of national labour laws and the limited protection of workers’ rights in developing countries have led workers’ rights representatives to attempt to establish transnational industrial relations systems to complement existing national systems. In practice, these attempts have mainly been operationalised in unilateral codes of conduct; recently, however, negotiated international framework agreements (IFAs) have been proposed as an alternative. Despite their growing importance, few studies have empirically studied IFAs. This paper starts to fill this gap by studying why corporations adopt IFAs, based on a qualitative study of the process leading to the signing of a recent IFA. The study’s findings complement existing research into why corporations adopt IFAs, codes of conduct, and CSR policies by demonstrating that corporate motives can be linked to a desire to retain a trusting relationship with the labour union movement. In addition, the findings indicate that the discrete campaign model of stakeholder pressure dominant in previous research should be complemented by a continuous bargaining model of stakeholder pressure. The paper concludes by discussing differences between these conceptual models of stakeholder pressure and avenues for future research.

基于逆向物流的建筑垃圾资源化循环利用研究

本文基于逆向物流的相关理论,结合当前构建和谐社会发展循环经济的现状,对建筑垃圾资源化循环利用的理论与实践进行了深入细致的分析研究,提出了相关基于逆向物流的循环利用的运作模式,阐述了实施过程中存在的问题及相应的措施,为建筑垃圾资源化循环利用提供了理论与实践的探索。     

石油化工中絮凝过滤污水处理的应用研究

含油污水具有成分复杂，量大面广，含油量高，水质差别大，处理过程复杂等特点。采用凝絮一吸附一过滤复合方法，选择合适的污水处理工艺，对含油污水进行处理回用，现场试验处理后的水质可以达到回用要求。且凝絮一吸附一过滤方法工艺简单，成本低廉，可以达到改善环境，降低成本的良好效果，是具有应用和推广前途的含油污水处理方法。     

城市可持续发展思路下废旧家电回收模式探讨

随着国家对城市废旧家电所带来的经济问题和社会问题的普遍关注,废旧家电回收问题成为非常值得研究的重要课题。应用城市可持续发展理论,从企业和政府两个层面提出我国城市管理废旧家电回收问题的思路和对策,以期为我国解决废旧家电给城市发展所带来的环境和资源问题提供合理化建议。     

纳米材料在光催化脱硫技术中的研究进展

近年来的研究表明,纳米材料在光催化脱硫技术中具有较好的应用前景.本文系统介绍了纳米材料光催化脱硫机理及研究进展,并提出了纳米材料光催化脱硫未来的发展方向.     

基于排队论的可修复型车辆维修器材需求预测

本文构建了基于排队论各种成型理论和方法的可修复车辆器材的需求确定模型,并通过实例来验证其正确性和可行性,该方法可较为准确地确定可修复器材的需求量,为库存管理提供定量化依据。     

义马煤气污水处理厂的自控设计

本文介绍了义马煤气污水处理厂的SBR预处理工艺，部分典型自摔方案及PLC监控方法。     

我国国际贸易自由化与工业固体废物环境压力的实证分析

本文利用1991-2004年的数据,通过建立多元回归模型,分析、研究了国际贸易自由化进程中工业固体废物带来的环境压力。其得到的结论如下:工业固体废物的环境压力这个被解释变量与我国工业产值增长速度和我国工业产品出口额增长速度正相关,与我国进口额增长速度和我国人均收入增长速度负相关。因而得到如下启示:我国要首先阻止污染的直接转移和通过投资形式的转移;同时要注重开发本国产品、提高市场竞争力;积极参与国际合作,使自己成为国际竞争规则的制定者,阻止发达国家对我国进行资源掠夺,维护我国在环境与贸易方面的权益。     

内资和外资:谁更有利于环境保护——来自我国工业部门面板数据的经验分析

本文从规模效应、结构效应和技术效应三个层面分析了我国内资和外资工业部门在废气、废水和固体废弃物三种污染物上的污染排放效应,研究结果发现在废气的结构效应和固体废弃物的技术效应上,内资工业部门比外资工业部门更有利于环境质量的改善;在废气的技术效应、废水的结构效应和固体废弃物的规模效应上,外资工业部门比内资工业部门更容易导致环境质量的恶化。该发现在一定程度上支持了"污染避难所假说"的存在,从而蕴含着相应的政策涵义。     

A Model of Elitist Qualification

This paper deals with the collective qualification of members of society as belonging to a certain category or group based on a fixed attribute. Our model contains three main features: the existence of individual gradual opinions, the notion of elitism (only the opinions of certain individuals are taken into account to delineate the reference group), and the idea of sequentiality (elites are successively created by using the previous elites’ opinions on a social decision scheme). The main results of the paper characterize when this sequential procedure converges for some intuitive ways of aggregating individual opinions. Finally, we analyze the role of convergence for two extra basic properties (symmetry and contractiveness) that elitist rules should possess.     

A Model of Business Ethics

It appears that in the 30 years that business ethics has been a discipline in its own right a model of business ethics has not been proffered. No one appears to have tried to explain the phenomenon known as ?business ethics’ and the ways that we as a society interact with the concept, therefore, the authors have addressed this gap in the literature by proposing a model of business ethics that the authors hope will stimulate debate. The business ethics model consists of three principal components (i.e. expectations, perceptions and evaluations) that are interconnected by five sub-components (i.e. society expects; organizational values, norms and beliefs; outcomes; society evaluates; and reconnection). The introduced model makes a contribution to the creation of a conceptual framework for business ethics. A few tentative conclusions may be drawn from the introduced model of business ethics. The model aspires to be highly dynamic. The ultimate outcome is dependent upon the evolution of time and contexts. It is also dependent upon and provides reference to the behaviours and perceptions of people. The model proposes business ethics to be a continuous and an iterative process. There is no actual end of the process, but a constant reconnection to the initiation of successive process iterations of the business ethics model. The principals and sub-components of the model construct the dynamics of this continuous process. They provide guidance on what and how to explore our common efforts to understand the phenomenon known as business ethics. The model provides opportunities for further research in the field of business ethics.