基于收益共享契约的三级供应链如何应对突发事件

本文针对一个由供应商-制造商-零售商构成的三级供应链,在考虑随机性需求基础上,探讨突发事件对三级供应链的影响,同时改进了协调供应链的收益共享契约,使之能够应对突发事件。     

公平偏好下收益共享契约供应链协调

供应链收益分配过程中零售商往往表现出公平偏好行为,文章研究了市场需求是随机的两阶段供应链中收益共享契约与供应链协调问题。在随机市场需求的收益共享契约基本模型的基础上,构建了考虑零售商公平偏好的收益共享契约模型,并通过数值分析了零售商公平偏好对收益共享契约协调供应链的影响。研究结果表明,将公平偏好这一行为因素引入到收益共享契约协调供应链问题中具有理论和实际意义,对收益共享契约具体的协调策略产生影响。     

基于收益共享契约的双渠道供应链协调

在电子商务迅速发展的时代,研究二级供应链能否在双渠道这一背景下实现协调将是一个热点和趋势.本文首先建立二级供应链模型,对比集中决策和分散决策下供应链的总利润,发现分散式决策下不能够实现供应链协调.然后引入收益共享契约并通过算例分析,结果表明收益共享契约能够使得分散式决策下的供应链实现协调.     

双渠道营销的旅游供应链决策与协调研究——基于促销努力与转移支付激励

如何协调旅游供应商与需求方的关系,是旅游供应链营销设计过程中需要重点解决的问题.通过构建旅游供应商利用网络直销渠道,同时与旅游代理商共同销售产品所组成的双渠道旅游服务供应链,实证探析两个渠道同时进行促销努力时供应链成员的决策与协调问题.在对消费者渠道偏好、消费者对促销努力的敏感程度以及佣金比例的变化展开讨论,以此判断对双渠道供应链产品售价、促销努力水平以及供应链利润的影响及幅度.基于设计旅游供应链转移支付契约来达到旅游供应链的协调,并用算例验证转移支付契约的激励效果.研究结论显示:集中决策下的收益大于分散决策下的收益,供应链成员的收益不存在绝对的平衡.     

多零售商环境下中国石油企业供应链收益共享契约研究

本文以中国石油企业供应链为研究对象,基于博弈论思想,构建了普通契约模型和收益共享契约模型,并分别求出两种契约条件下零售商、供应商以及整条供应链的收益,同时求出了收益共享契约中的利润分配比例系数。通过算例分析,证明合适的收益共享契约可以起到协调石油供应链的作用。     

CVaR准则下随机需求依赖价格的供应链协调研究

研究由单个风险中性的供应商和单个风险厌恶的零售商组成的两级供应链。在CVaR度量准则下探讨了随机需求依赖于价格的供应链协调问题。通过对零售商和整个供应链的决策分析,得到批发价契约不能使供应链达到协调,而收益共享契约和回购契约能使供应链达到协调,并给出了契约参数取值(范围)的计算公式。进一步证明了,回购契约与收益共享契约在零售商为风险厌恶的情形下具有等价性。同时,当供应链达到协调时,风险厌恶的零售商的利润随其风险厌恶程度的增加而增加。     

基于联合契约的电子商务三级服务供应链研究

文章为解决需求不确定环境下电子商务厂商对物质产品和物流服务产品供应的协调问题,建立了产品供应商-电子商务厂商-物流服务商组成的三级供应链模型。提出电商-产品供应商采用批发价格契约,电商-物流服务商采用收益共享契约的联合契约协调机制,分析了分散决策、集中决策和联合契约模式下供应链的协调机制。数值分析进一步验证了联合契约机制的有效性。研究结果表明,通过制定合理的契约参数可以改进供应链各成员的收益,从而实现服务供应链系统的协调。     

考虑成本利润率的供应链优化与协调

文章研究了以成本利润率为目标优化函数,在收益共享契约下,构建单一供应商和单一零售商构成的供应链优化与协调模型.建立未提供收益共享契约和提供收益共享契约、零售商风险中性和风险规避的不同情形下的决策模型,给出不同情况下的最优订货量及实现供应链协调的收益共享系数的区间范围.研究认为:收益共享契约下的零售商最优订货量大于未提供收益共享契约下的最优订货量;不论是否提供收益共享契约,利润最大化为优化目标的零售商最优订货量均高于以成本利润率最大为优化目标的最优订货量;此外,研究给出了零售商的最优订货量与收益共享系数的关系.     

鲜活农产品供应链协调研究——基于风险规避的收益共享契约分析

供应链协调是鲜活农产品供应链高效运作的基础。本文通过引入新鲜度因子和风险规避系数的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了由专业合作社和超市构成的鲜活农产品供应链协调问题,分析了收益共享契约机制下供应链成员的最优定价策略及供应链成员风险规避行为对批发价和零售价的影响。数值分析结果表明,鲜活农产品批发价随着新鲜度、收益共享率的增大而增大;零售价随着零售商风险规避程度的增大而减小;而批发价随着生产商风险规避程度的增大而减小,随着零售商风险规避程度的增大而增大。要改变现状应通过大力培育农产品流通组织,提高流通主体组织化程度;设计合理的收益共享机制和风险分担机制,协调供应链成员利益;加强农产品流通基础设施建设及先进物流技术的应用等措施,提升供应链整体绩效,提高鲜活农产品流通效率。     

供应链契约研究方法文献述评

近年来,通过制定供应链契约来协调供应链的研究迅速增长,而针对供应链契约的研究假设进行梳理的研究并不多。本文对供应链契约的研究假设进行了归纳和总结,并对四种常见的供应链契约（批发契约、回购契约、收益共享契约、数量弹性契约）的最新研究加以综述和讨论。     

Demand disruption and coordination of supply chain via effort and revenue sharing

This article explores the equilibrium behaviour of a basic supplier–retailer distribution channel under demand disruption via effort and revenue sharing contract. This differs from the traditional supply chain coordination model. Firstly, demand is simultaneously affected by retail price and nonprice marketing effort from manufacturers and retailers. Secondly, when the demand is disrupted, this article considers disruptions in the market scale and price sensitivity coefficient. Thirdly, the supply chain coordination model is proposed via effort and revenue sharing contract. In this way, the manufacturer reduces the wholesale price as an incentive for the retailer to share revenue. Finally, the total supply chain profit is greater with contract than no contract. This also constitutes another incentive for the players to follow the effort and revenue sharing contract.     

Channel competition and coordination of a dual-channel supply chain with demand and cost disruptions

The impacts of simultaneous disruption of demand and cost on pricing, production and coordination of a dual-channel supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer are examined. First, coordination of the dual-channel supply chain without disruption is proposed, by using a revenue sharing contract. Furthermore, the effects of simultaneous disruption of demand and cost on pricing, production and profit are examined from the perspective of partners and the whole supply chain. Optimal prices and quantum of production in the event of disruptions occurring are derived. Suitable changes and improvements in revenue sharing contracts can help coordinate the dual-channel supply chain with disruptions. Finally, the proposed models are further analysed through numerical examples.     

Unidirectional transshipment policies in a dual-channel supply chain

The main purpose of this paper is to study the ordering, transshipment price, wholesale price and contracting decisions of a dual-channel supply chain with unidirectional transshipment. We establish a dual-channel model which consists of a manufacturer, an online shop owned by a manufacturer and a retailer. We first examine the ordering decisions and establish the existence of the pure strategy Nash equilibrium. Then we study other decisions under two types of transshipment price setting: exogenous and endogenous. Under exogenous transshipment price, we investigate the wholesale price decisions of the manufacturer. And then we find that the transshipment strategy with wholesale price contract can coordinate the supply chain only under a certain condition and cannot accommodate arbitrary divisions of the profit. So we further develop an all-unit quantity discount contract to coordinate the supply chain and achieve win–win outcome. Under endogenous transshipment price, we use Generalized Nash Bargaining Solution to study the transshipment price decisions and obtain a transshipment price mechanism. We find that the transshipment price mechanism always coordinates the supply chain.     

Equilibrium Analysis of A Dual‐CHannel Supply Chain Under Different Market Powers

We examine the effect of firms’ market powers on the optimal strategies and profits of partners and make comparisons under different structures in a dual‐channel supply chain, where the manufacturer provide a value‐added service to differentiate the product for the customer to some extent. We consider centralised decision and decentralised decision cases where supply chain partners have different market power structures, including the Manufacturer‐Stackelberg, Retailer‐Stackelberg and Nash Game. We find that the direct sale price and added value are unchanged under different power structures. However, dominating power structures always lead to inefficiency for the whole dual‐channel supply chain. The more power one of the channel partners has, the larger profit loss the whole supply chain will suffer.     

对高校图书馆文献信息资源的供给与读者需求的探讨

供给指在一定时间内和在一定价格条件下,卖者能够和愿意向买者提供的处在市场上的商品和劳务的数量。需求指消费者对市场上的商品和劳务有支付能力的需要。把经济学中供求关系原理引入图书馆学研究,当文献信息资源的供给与读者需求相当时,资源供给与读者需求达到平衡。但供求失衡状况在高校普遍存在,分析原因、探讨解决这些矛盾的对策。     

数量柔性契约下服务供应链的激励机制研究

本文研究了数量柔性契约下服务供应链的最优激励机制问题。运用连续工作表现的道德风险模型,构建了服务供应链激励模型,得出最优的激励转移支付,并详细分析了数量柔性契约下供应商需要努力的必要性条件、不同激励程度的机制设计以及不同谈判力要求下的激励机制控制等。研究认为:①在数量柔性契约中,只有特定需求分布的服务供应链才能提供有效的供应商激励机制;②最优激励机制存在一个震荡间断点;③可通过改变参数来调整激励程度并调整成员间的利润分配。     

基于响应时间的供应链协调策略研究

在市场需求价格和响应时间敏感下,本文以一个供应商和一个制造商构成的两级MTO供应链为背景,通过建立供应链收益函数模型,分析响应时间对供应链企业决策的影响。给出了供应商和制造商在分散决策下的最优响应策略,得出了供应链双方在分散决策下无法实现供应链完美协调的结论。而后,对供应链协调问题进行了探讨,发现两部收费制契约在满足一定条件下能够实现供应链完美协调,并通过数值实例对上面的结论进行了释义和说明。     

Welfare analysis in a two-stage inverse demand model: an application to harvest changes in the Chesapeake Bay

Like many agricultural commodities, fish and shellfish are highly perishable and producers cannot easily adjust supply in the short run to respond to changes in demand. In these cases it is more appropriate to conduct welfare analysis using inverse demand models that take quantities as given and allow prices to adjust to clear the market. One challenge faced by economists conducting demand analysis is how to limit the number of commodities in the analysis while accounting for the relevant substitutability and complementarity among goods. A common approach in direct demand modeling is to assume weak separability of the utility function and apply a multi-stage budgeting approach. This approach has not, however, been applied to an inverse demand system or the associated welfare analysis. This paper develops a two-stage inverse demand model and derives the total quantity flexibilities which describe how market clearing prices respond to supply changes in other commodity groups. The model provides the means to estimate consumer welfare impacts of an increase in finfish and shellfish harvest from the Chesapeake Bay while recognizing that harvests from other regions are potential substitutes. Comparing the two-stage results with single-stage analysis of the same data shows that ignoring differentiation of harvests from different regions, or the availability of substitutes not affected by a supply shock, can bias welfare estimates.     

产需双重不确定情形下绿色农产品供应链的协调研究

为解决产需不确定性给绿色农产品供应链运营带来的复杂影响,寻求绿色农产品生产商和销售商面对产需双重不确定情形下各自的最优决策,研究从农产品产出和市场需求双重不确定性视角出发,结合目前消费者对绿色农产品的需求偏好,构建由生产商和销售商组成的Stackelberg博弈模型,探究收益共享契约能否有效协调产需都不确定的绿色农产品供应链。研究结果表明:分散决策时的批发价契约无法协调此供应链。引入收益共享契约后,在合适的共享系数范围内,生产商的农资投入量会增加,农产品的绿色度会比分散决策时高,同时销售商的销售价格降低;当农产品订购量变大后,引入契约后的生产商和销售商各自的利润相较于分散决策时更高。