The Indian Challenge: The Evolution of a Successful New Global Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry

UK and European public policy has sought to encourage young biotechnology firms adopt American-inspired strategies. The venture-backed start-up associated with Silicon Valley and Route 128 in Boston, has been the preferred model. These policies have had limited success thus far. Indian companies are evolving indigenous business models that are achieving success within the pharmaceutical industry. Some Indian pharmaceutical firms, established initially as low cost suppliers, are investing in building innovative capabilities. This paper analyses the strategies and trajectories of a number of Indian pharmaceutical companies that are expanding successfully in Western markets. It assesses the local and international contextual factors that have underpinned the strategies and discusses relevant conceptual frameworks.     

Policy, Markets and Knowledge: Strategic Synergies in Indian Pharmaceutical Firms

This paper addresses the question of how Indian pharmaceutical firms have transformed themselves from reverse-engineering firms focused on the domestic market to research-driven firms with global presence. It analyses the crucial and changing role of national, then international, innovation and regulatory policies and their impact on growth, performance and technology evolution of Indian pharmaceutical firms. The paper argues that although public policy increased market turbulence, it also provided new opportunities for firms to expand and build new technology, knowledge and market capabilities. From the 1950s Indian firms have pursued a variety of research, marketing and internationalization strategies to tackle changes prompted by policy, markets and knowledge complexities. The paper traces firm strategies that vary both in time and by firm, and argues that the successful firms have evolved substantively towards knowledge-based strategies. The paper then attempts to identify future directions for strategy, knowledge and markets.     

From Imitation to Innovation: The Evolution of R&D Capabilities and Learning Processes in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Since the mid 1990s the Indian pharmaceutical industry has emerged as a leading supplier of generic drugs to both developing and developed countries.The movement of the Indian pharmaceutical industry along the R&D value chain represents a remarkable shift from an importer to an innovator of drugs. The Indian government's industrial and technology policies along with changes in regulation of intellectual property rights played a crucial role in shaping this development of R&D capability. Using the 'capability creation model' this paper discusses the learning processes and stages involved in this dramatic accumulation of technological capability. This analysis shows that the Indian pharmaceutical industry has followed a trajectory from duplicative imitation to creative imitation to move up the value chain of pharmaceutical R&D. Finally as a result of changes in patent law the industry is learning to develop capabilities in innovative R&D. The basic and intermediate technological capabilities gained from imitative learning gave these firms a solid base for development of competence in advanced innovative R&D. These findings have implications for government policies as well as firm strategies in other developing countries albeit with some limitations due to global harmonisation of patent laws being promoted by the World Trade Organization.     

加入WTO与我国的产业松绑

中国加入WTO ,不仅标志着开始正式享有作为WTO成员所应得的权利 ,而且意味着要开放更多的市场 ,承受比以往更沉重的竞争压力。这就要求我国适时地做出战略调整 ,放弃全面管制经济和产业的做法 ,给国内产业松绑 ,以提高企业和产业部门在国际国内竞争中的实力     

加入WTO与中国农业产业的发展

加入WTO在短期内可能对中国农业形成严峻的挑战 ,但是也会给中国的农业发展带来机遇。面对入世 ,认真研究我国农业、农民、农村问题 ,抓住机遇 ,制定对策 ,迎接挑战 ,促进我国农业产业发展是摆在我们面前的一项迫切任务。     

入世与保护民族工业

随着我国加入世贸组织的日益临近,民族工业的发展正面临着新的机遇和挑战。据有关部门 1997～ 1999年的统计资料分析,外国商品在我国市场的占有率已达到相当高的程度。传真机为 98.64％,通讯设施为 91.37％,计算机及软件为 83.49％,轿车为 79.82％,化妆品为 78.55％,保健品为 76.91％。结合我国民族工业的发展现状,借鉴世界其他国家在加入世贸组织后保护和发展民族工业的经验和教训,笔者认为,我国加入世贸组织后,保护和发展民族工业的措施至少应有以下几个方面： 　　1转变观念,实施对民族工业开放意识上的保护。其一,由过…     

WTO的挑战与银行业的改革

随着我国经济一体化进程的不断加快,中国加入WTO后,外资银行将凭借其雄厚的资本实力、健全的经营体制、丰富的融资品种和良好的人才结构,给我国整体竞争力较为低下的银行业带来巨大的冲击和挑战,但同时也会给我们带来一定的发展机遇。因此,我国银行业要以市场化为基本取向,进一步深化金融体制和融资模式改革,充实资本金、培育金融市场,创新金融服务,在渐进开放的过程中,充分发挥本土优势,努力提高我国银行业的整体竞争力。     

加入WTO与发展我国的CPA行业

本文认为 ,加入WTO对我国CPA行业既有挑战 ,更有机遇。我们应当在思想观念、会计师事务所规模与行业机制以及人才储备和会计市场开拓等方面做好充分准备 ,以战胜挑战 ,抓住机遇 ,求得我国CPA行业的大发展。     

加入WTO与中国农业产业化的发展

加入WTO在短期内可能对中国农业形成严峻的挑战，但是也会给中国的农业发展带来机遇。面对入世，认真研究我国农业、农民、农村问题，抓住机遇，制定对策，迎接挑战，促进我国农业产业发展是摆在我们面前的一项迫切任务。     

入世后的中国零售业

加入WTO将对我国经济发展产生深刻的影响,特别是对国内零售业的冲击尤为明显,我国已加入这一国际组织,国内零售业所面临的市场环境将发生根本性的转变;同时,外国零售企业的大量涌入,会使国内零售业竞争更加激烈,因此,我国零售业必须面对现实直面竞争。一、我国零售业存在的问题1.零售业网点布局缺乏总体规划。目前仍有不少城市只建设少数市级商业中心,中心繁华地段没有得到必要的开拓延伸,整个城市零售网点设置缺乏层次结构,既没有配套齐全,服务功能较完备,商品配备较丰富的区级商业服务中心,更谈不上建立深入居住小区,为居民提供各种商业…     

Mind the Gap: Information and Communication Technologies, Knowledge Activities and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry

The paper explores the specific challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry regarding the exploitation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the context of developing new frameworks supporting knowledge activity and the wider innovation process. The paper seeks to provide a framework to view these changes but also highlights gaps in our current conceptualization of the role of ICTs in facilitating and effecting change within the pharmaceutical industry.     

Mind the Gap: Information and Communication Technologies,Knowledge Activities and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry

The paper explores the specific challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry regarding the exploitation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the context of developing new frameworks supporting knowledge activity and the wider innovation process. The paper seeks to provide a framework to view these changes but also highlights gaps in our current conceptualization of the role of ICTs in facilitating and effecting change within the pharmaceutical industry.     

入世与我国高技术产业发展

从产业角度来看,高技术产业是我国的弱项,按入世和全球信息产业开放的要求,它又是我国对外开放的重点领域,这就是个矛盾。本文分析这个矛盾,先介绍了世贸组织同我国发展高技术产业有密切关系的规定和我国入世所作的承诺,接着分析了入世对我国高技术产业可能产生的影响、所提供的机遇和所造成的挑战,最后阐述了我们拟采取的战略及政策措施,以应对入世以后的新形势。     

加入WTO的中国服务业

在《世界贸易组织协定》中,服务贸易是一项新内容, 1994年签订的《服务贸易总协定》 (GATS)提供了各国谈判和制定相应政策、法规的框架。在中国,服务业是起步时间很短的部门,如何在 GATS的框架内,最大限度地谋求中国的利益,是当前最紧迫的问题。一、 GATS　　《服务贸易总协定》规定,各国处理服务贸易应遵循六项基本原则： (1)无条件的最惠国待遇原则：成员国应当立即和无条件地给与任何其他成员国的待遇,不得低于其给与另一个成员国的待遇。 (2)透明度原则：成员国应将普遍采用的与本协定有关或影响本协定实施的所有有关措施…     

印度软件业探源

一、迅速崛起２０世纪９０年代以来,以软件业为代表的印度电子信息技术产业取得举世瞩目的成就。１９９８年,印度软件业产值２２亿美元,出口１８亿美元。１９９９年,印度软件业产值达到４０亿美元,其中出口２８亿美元。根据世界著名咨询公司麦卡锡公司预测,到２００８年,印度软件产业产值将达到８５０亿美元,其中出口为５００亿美元。目前,印度约有７００多家专业软件公司,有２０００多家从事与软件有关业务的公司,几乎所有的世界级公司都在印度设立分公司,其中许多公司将亚太总部设在印度。当前,印度软件业每年以平均４２％的…     

Financialization in the American Pharmaceutical Industry: A Veblenian Approach

Thorstein Veblen’s theory of the business enterprise holds that business interests come to dominate industrial interests, with pecuniary returns being the dominant mindset under which economic activity is conducted. Under moneymanager capitalism, this is reflected in the increasing importance of profits from financial channels and the accumulation of intangible rent-generating assets to serve as the basis for capitalization — a process known as financialization. I examine this process of intangible asset accumulation within the context of the American pharmaceutical industry using Veblen’s theory of the business enterprise as a lens. I show that intangible assets have come to dominate productive capital on pharmaceutical enterprise balance sheets, suggesting that pharmaceutical profits are accumulated through rent-seeking channels rather than productive ones, in line with Veblen’s theory, and provide evidence of the financialization of this industry.     

中国软件产业不走印度模式

"18号文件对信息产业发展有非常大的帮助,这也是一个里程碑式的文件."信息产业部电子产品管理司司长张琪近日向媒体表示.     

入世对中国银行业的影响

加入WTO对中国银行业会造成直接和间接两方面的影响和挑战。从间接方面来讲,加入WTO后对我国经济领域带来的任何影响,都将通过不同渠道传递到金融领域。从直接方面来讲,目前对外资银行的种种限制会逐步取消。很显然,一些功能齐全、信誉优良、实力雄厚、手段先进的外资银行的进入,必将使金融市场出现市场份额的争夺和重新瓜分的局面,使中国银行业面临严峻的挑战。同时,根据对等原则,中国银行业跨国经营也将进入新的历史阶段。预计在中国加入世贸组织的最初5年中,随着各项减让措施的逐步落实,大量外资银行将拥入我国市场,国内商…     

中国造纸工业如何面对加入WTO

加入WTO后,中国造纸工业既面临着严峻的挑战,又有着难得的发展机遇.只要积极准备,认真研究,就能因势利导,抓住机会,重振雄风.