Using Fast and Slow Processes to Manage Resources with Thresholds

Economists have relied on convexity assumptions for a long time but many natural resources that stem from ecosystems have non-convexities in their dynamics. This article illustrates the consequences of relaxing convexity assumptions for management and the role of fast and slow variables. The paper presents a general framework to handle systems with fast and slow variables, and illustrates the method using a model of coral reefs subject to fishing pressure. The insights obtained are used to discuss alternative management strategies.

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Employee Profit-sharing and Labor Extraction in a Classical Model of Distribution and Growth

This article sets out a classical model of economic growth in which the distribution of income features the possibility of profit-sharing with workers, as firms choose periodically between two labor-extraction compensation strategies. Workers are homogeneous with regard to labor power, and firms choose to compensate them with either only a conventional wage or a share of profits on top of this conventional wage. Empirical evidence shows that labor productivity (i.e. labor extraction) in profit-sharing firms is higher than labor productivity in non-sharing firms. The frequency distribution of labor-extraction employee compensation strategies and labor productivity across firms is time-variant, being driven by satisficing imitation dynamics from which we derive two significant results. First, heterogeneity in labor-extraction compensation strategies across firms, and hence earnings inequality across workers can be a stable long-run equilibrium outcome. Second, although convergence to a long-run equilibrium may occur with either a falling or increasing proportion of profit-sharing firms, the share of net profits in income and the rates of net profit, capital accumulation and economic growth nevertheless all converge to the highest possible long-run equilibrium values.     

On Impatience, Economic Growth and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Dynamic Analysis of Resource Management

The paper presents a dynamic analysis of natural resource management and investigates some key factors that affect optimal management and resource conservation.Using a recursive specification of time preferences, we show how endogenous discounting and impatience can affect the motivation for both capital investments and environmental preservation. We examine the relationships between economic growth and environmental quality. Endogenous discounting provides new insights in the economic dynamics underlying the environmental Kuznets curve. By treating growth as endogenous, we examine how externalities and economic growth interact with each other. We investigate how economic development can contribute to an increased demand for environmental preservation. As an important new result, we also show how poverty can contribute to environmental degradation.     

Protecting Forests Through Farming. A Dynamic Model of Nontimber Forest Extraction

Forest resource extraction by local communities has been cited as a major impediment to the efficient management of protected forests. This paper develops a two sector dynamic model for farming and forest resource extraction by communities living in the forest periphery. The model assumes that land under forestry is constant and households allocate their time to farming and forestry. Comparative dynamic results suggest that higher prices for agriculture output, lower input prices, better knowledge of farming techniques and a lower discount rate may result in a higher equilibrium stock of forest resources. Tobit analysis with primary data collected from the Sinharaja forest in Sri Lanka provides supportive empirical evidence.     

Existence and Stability of Steady State in an Augmented Solow Model with Multiple Capital Goods

This paper relaxes two assumptions on the traditional augmented Solow model: strict concavity of production functions and dual capital goods. It generalizes traditional conclusions of the Solow model by demonstrating that neoclassical properties of a production function are sufficient for the existence and global stability of the steady state in the augmented Solow model with multiple capital goods. Moreover, we prove necessity of essentiality of inputs for a neoclassical production function and generalize the golden rule of capital accumulation.     

动态环境下持续营销渠道实现的系统动力分析

营销渠道管理及企业营销渠道的有效运行是决定企业发展成败的关键因素.在分析目前渠道理论研究的局限性的基础上,结合实际管理中存在的问题,将持续性理论应用到渠道管理中,提出了持续营销渠道的概念,并利用系统动力学原理建立了动态环境持续营销渠道模型.通过分析得出,动态环境下持续营销渠道的实现途径是企业根据动态环境持续营销渠道模型,面对渠道内外部环境变化,对渠道的体系结构模块作适时的变革调整,以保持持久渠道价值,实现持续营销渠道的发展.     

基于循环经济视角的资源环境价格形成探讨

循环经济背景下的资源环境价格形成不同于传统市场经济背景下的商品价格形成。它作为一种广义的价格形态,需要政府强力的干预和参与,甚至跨国际的集体行动。要根据循环经济诸环节发生的替代关系,按照四项原则安排资源环境价格,并可通过试错方法或市场方法形成具体价格,使循环经济产业链与价值链相匹配。     

商业集团从属企业双重资源获取与成长绩效的关联机理——基于资源观的结构性观点和跨层次研究

基于资源基础理论,将架构理论与跨层次模型相结合,利用调研数据剖析了商业集团从属企业的内、外部双重资源获取与成长绩效的关联机制。研究结果表明:双重资源获取对从属企业成长绩效具有显著的促进作用;集团成员网络资源异质性对双重资源获取与成长绩效的关系具有调节作用;从属企业的资源整合能力对双重资源获取与成长绩效的关系具有中介性调节作用;内部资源获取、资源整合能力和集团内部网络资源异质性三者对从属企业的成长绩效具有结构性影响,而外部资源获取、资源整合能力及集团内部网络资源异质性的结构性效应不显著。     

Multiplicity and stagnation under the Romer model with increasing returns of R&D

This study develops a simple growth model to explain stagnation and non-simple growth patterns by using increasing returns of R&D efficiency. The study adopts a type of the lab-equipment model, namely, the Romer model, where goods are used as R&D input. Here, we assume capital, or durable goods, as the R&D input factor, and R&D efficiency is assumed to be variable. This arrangement yields three steady states, namely: no-growth, low-growth, and high-growth steady states. These trajectories are jumpable. Accordingly, global indeterminacy is obtained. By uniting the numerical analysis, we obtain that all steady states are saddle stable. However, when the increasing R&D efficiency is small, the path converging to a high-growth-rate steady state shows local indeterminacy.     

The Potential Impact of Sino-Korean Bilateral Trade on Economic Growth and the Environment: A CGE Model Analysis

A consensus is still to be reached regarding the relationship between trade, growth, and the environment in either the existing theoretical models or previous empirical analyses. By using a Sino-Korean case study, we expect this work to contribute to the theoretical and empirical knowledge of the relationship between trade, growth and the environment. In this paper, four types of simulation are executed by applying a Sino-Korea CGE model. The results reveal that an increasing volume of bilateral trade boosts the real GDP at a decreasing rate. Different degrees in the volume of increase of bilateral trade produce welfare gains for Chinese households, i.e. more household spending. Welfare increases at a decreasing rate when the degree of bilateral trade growth increases less stringently, while in Korea there are welfare losses (less household consumption) when the bilateral trade target becomes increasingly stringent. Moreover, the investment gains in the economy tend to rise more sharply as the degree of bilateral trade growth increases less stringently in China. The investment tends to decrease at a proportional rate when the target bilateral trade volume becomes more stringent and the changes in the gross investment become more significant in Korea. In addition, the aggregate production shows a tendency to increase at a proportional rate with a more stringent target bilateral trade volume and when there are considerable changes in gross production. Furthermore, the impact of most production sectors can benefit China, but have a negative impact on Korea. Meantime, the simulations highlight that import growth increases carbon emissions at a decreasing rate, and export growth increases carbon emissions. According to our policy findings, policy makers should be advised to consider the third trade policy (Scenario c), which maintains a reasonable economic growth but at the expense of investment and welfare.     

A dynamic analysis of an endogenous growth model with leisure

Summary. The main goal in this paper is to analyze an economic model of endogenous growth where human capital accumulation acts as the engine propelling economic activity. The added ingredient in our model is that agents derive utility from consumption and leisure, where leisure is defined as the amount of time devoted to those activities augmented by the level of education. Under regular conditions we show that there is a unique globally stable balanced growth path. We also provide a characterization of the behavior of our economic variables along the transition. Received: May 26, 1998; revised version: September 9, 1999     

基于多变量双对数回归模型的工业发展与环境质量实证研究——以南宁市为例

采用改进的多变量双对数回归模型,判别基于工业规模、工业结构、工业技术三类效应对环境的影响程度,找出工业发展与生态环境变化的内在关联。实证分析结果表明,工业结构对环境影响程度最高,工业规模次之,技术因素影响最小。南宁市在经济发展过程中,应加快工业结构优化升级,通过调整结构、技术进步和加强管理等措施,推进产业结构调整和科技创新,大幅度减少资源消耗,降低废物排放,提高资源生产率,减轻环境压力,优化环境质量。     

A Model of Competing Jurisdictions with Locally Polluting Environments and Mobile Populations

In this model we consider a federation consisting oftwo geographically separated Regional states withlocal taxing authority. The residents of thefederation are identical in preferences and haveexplicit tolerance to pollution. Pollution is local innature and is a by-product of production implying amore highly populated region would generate morepollution. Local authorities in the regions can andwill (in the interest of local residents) engage ingame theoretical taxation strategies. The model isused to illustrate that Nash Equilibrium can resultwherein the two regions have different levels ofenvironmental quality. The resulting Nash conditionsimply for instance that residents of the ``cleanregion' will subsidize those in the other region tostay in the more polluted environment (in order foreach to accomplish their preferred consumption andenvironmental quality pair).     

Capital Openness and Financial Crises: A Financial Contagion Model with Multiple Equilibria

Abstract

This paper explores the effects of capital openness on financial crises and contagion. In the model, we analyze four channels of contagion involved in the process of financial crisis: monsoon effects, spillovers, self‐fulfilling expectations and new information. We empirically test the data from China, an economy with capital account controls, and find that the fundamentals of China (PRC) are now in a vulnerable area which yields multiple equilibria. Consequently, the Chinese economy is easily affected via the channels discussed in this paper. Finally we suggest that the capital account of China should be opened gradually.     

事业单位绩效工资等差型优化分配的模型与实例

2006年起全国事业单位改革收入分配制度,各事业单位可以在核定的本单位绩效工资总额内,自主分配员工的绩效工资。解决好绩效工资分配问题的关键是,着眼于一个单位内形成合理的不同档次个人全部工资差异,来科学设定不同档次个人绩效工资差异。本文构建了在一个单位内将个人绩效工资分档次“等差”优化分配,从而使个人全部工资分档次“贴近等比”分配的非线性规划模型,并示例了使用Excel工具求解。实际计算出的某单位一个绩效工资分配方案得以实施。     

Property Rights and Natural Resource Conservation. A Bio-Economic Model with Numerical Illustrations from the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem

This study develops a model for wildlifemigrating seasonally between a conservationarea and a neighbouring area. When beingoutside the conservation area, harvesting takesplace by a group of small-scale farmers. Thelocal people have two motives for harvesting;to get rid of ``problem' animals as roamingwildlife destroys crops and agriculturalproducts, and hunting for meat and trophies.Depending on the specification of the propertyrights, the harvesting is legal or illegal. Itis demonstrated that it is far from clear whichof the two property rights regimes that givesthe highest wildlife abundance. Hence, contraryto what is argued for in the literature,handing the property rights over to the localpeople means not automatically more wildlifeand a more ``sustainable' resource utilization.The reason lies in the nuisance motive forharvesting. The exploitation under the twodifferent property rights regimes areillustrated by numerical calculations with datathat fits reasonable well with the exploitationof the wildebeest population in theSerengeti-Mara ecosystem.