Managing the knowledge-based organization: five principles every manager can use

The post-industrial enterprise is knowledge-based organization whose wealth creation is based on innovation, creativity, discovery and inventiveness. What principles should guide managers in their efforts to make such firms successful in the global market-place? The author offers five: (1) conceptualize the business; (2) create high-value know-how; (3) organize around information; (4) productively mange knowledge workers; (5) transform work using information technology (IT). The author says that these principles are replacing those of the industrial age, when command and control management was demed necessary to implement the wealth-creating formula of efficiently allocating resources (labor, capital, materials and energy). While acknowledging that IT is an important tool, the author stresses that intellectual capital is the fundamental key to success of the modern firm.     

信息需求与IT投资的商业价值：组织资本视角的审视

我国企业对信息技术（简称IT）的投资巨大，已成为世界各大IT厂商的主要市场之一，但国内学术界和企业对IT投资对企业绩效的作用机理研究甚少。本文认为，IT投资是为了满足企业的信息需求，而企业的信息需求充分体现在组织资本的信息本质中，因此，IT投资的商业价值在于它促进了组织资本的形成和积累，并通过组织资本对组织的价值创造和价值增长产生有力的促进作用。本文力图帮助企业理解IT投资对企业绩效的作用机理，从而能够采取合理的IT投资策略以最大化IT投资的商业价值。     

Factor analysis of demand growth for information technology input in Japan

The purpose of this article is to decompose demand changes for factor input and explore the factor that information technology (IT) capital stock has largely increased in Japan. The Allen partial elasticities of substitution are calculated and the variations in factor input demand are broken down into two effects—price effect and output effect, using industry-level data. From an estimation of the total cost function, the following conclusions are presented. While IT capital stock and ordinary capital stock are complementary, IT serves as a substitute for labor. The factors influencing the high growth rate in IT capital stock are the decrease in the prices of IT and ordinary capital services, and the increase in the labor price, in addition to the output effect. On the other hand, labor demand declines due to both the downward rigidity of wages and the decrease in prices of two kinds of capital services.     

Information Technology and Productivity Growth in the 2000s

Abstract. US productivity growth experienced continued productivity growth after 2000 even as investment, particularly in information technology (IT), slowed. This paper uses industry-level data to examine the link between average labor productivity (ALP) growth and IT in the post-2000 period. We use difference-in-difference and cross-sectional regressions to show that the link between ALP growth and IT-intensity is weaker after 2000 than before. These results are robust to alternative measures of IT-intensity such as the IT share of capital services, the level of IT capital depth, and the share of IT capital services in total output. We conclude that the post-2000 productivity gains in the United States do not appear to have been driven directly by IT.     

Complementarities between firm-sponsored training and information technology use

In this article, we investigate the presence of possible complementarities between investments in information technology (IT) and firm-sponsored training using economy-wide longitudinal representative workplace-level data. Since information on the firm’s capital stock is often missing in such representative data, we match our workplace records to tax data to construct measures of the firm’s capital stock. We find some evidence of positive complementarities between investments in human capital and IT, suggesting that on-the-job training can also have a positive impact on productivity when complemented with investments in CAD or other technologies.     

The Effect of Information Technology on Economic Education

The author evaluated the effect on student performance of using a new information technology (IT) enhancement that permits students to participate in the recording of lectures that can be downloaded later from the Internet. The author compared two sections of the same Intermediate Microeconomics class and observed the sample students to be representative; the empirical model accounted for any differences in student characteristics between the comparison and test groups. Model results show that students exposed to the IT enhancement performed about 2 percentage points better on their final exam than did the comparison students; however, the difference was not statistically different from zero. The author concluded that the use of IT appears to not have any substantive influence on student performance.     

Information Technology and Productivity Changes in the Banking Industry

This paper analyses the effects of investment in information technologies (IT) in the financial sector using micro-data from a panel of 600 Italian banks over the period 1989–2000. Stochastic cost and profit functions are estimated allowing for individual banks' displacements from the best practice frontier and for non-neutral technological change. The results show that both cost and profit frontier shifts are strongly correlated with IT capital accumulation. Banks adopting IT capital-intensive techniques are also more efficient. On the whole, over the past decade IT capital-deepening contribution to total factor productivity growth of the Italian banking industry can be estimated in a range between 1.3 and 1.8 per cent per year.     

ESTIMATES OF INTANGIBLE INVESTMENT BY INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN JAPAN

In estimating intangible investment in Japan at the industry level, we find a high intangible investment/gross value added ratio in the information technology (IT) sector and negative growth rates in intangible capital in 13 industries over the decade from 2000. When we examine the impacts of intangible investment on total factor productivity growth, we find a significant and positive effect on total factor productivity growth in the market economy. In a revised estimation that considers intertemporal knowledge spillovers, the estimated rate of return on intangibles in the IT sector is quite high after the IT revolution. The results imply that intangible assets have been underinvested in the IT sector.     

The impact of information technology on the relationship between the public and the private realms

This paper is based on the hypothesis that public and private 'space' is becoming blurred and ambiguous and that a series of factors linked to the spread of information technology (IT) could be influencing this phenomenon. Moreover, this paper argues that the demise of the 'public realm' represents a serous threat to democracy flourishing in a pluralistic society. For polic-makers the potential adverse impact of IT on the relationship between public and private space should be of concern. The author believes there needs to be serious evaluation leading to a new set of govermance decisions on the wider social repercussion of IT.     

多维视阈下信息技术企业融资效率比较研究

在调查分析我国信息技术企业发展现状的基础上,以2013－2015年1 087家企业面板数据为样本,运用DEA模型从细分行业、归属地区、资本市场等多维视角比较信息技术企业融资效率,并对在新三板挂牌的信息技术企业转板前后融资效率、研发强度变化进行关联分析。研究结果表明：信息技术企业的融资效率在不同维度存在差异,从细分行业看,硬件与半导体行业融资效率较低;从归属地区看,东北地区融资效率不容乐观;从资本市场看,创业板融资效率最高。进一步研究发现,企业转板后有必要保持研发强度。鉴于此,为完善我国资本市场制度、提升信息技术企业融资效率,提出优化企业管理、促进产业协同、统筹区域发展、加快转板研制等建议。     

R&D投资、IT投资与企业业绩间的相关性实证研究——来自电子信息百强企业的经验证据

结构资本包括创新资本和流程资本,前者主要源于R&D投资,后者主要源于IT投资。通过电子信息百强企业的R&D投资、IT投资与企业业绩之间的相关性实证研究发现:①R&D投资对企业业绩具有非线性效应,最优R&D投资点为5.48%;②IT投资对企业业绩的非线性效应不显著;③R&D投资与IT投资之间的协同效应没有发挥出来,且各种滞后效应均不存在。     

Computerization in France: An Evaluation Based on Individual Company Data

In this article we evaluate the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICT) to the growth of value added during the past 15 years in France. Following North American studies, we use traditional growth accounting methods to assess the relative size of two types of contribution: on the one hand the effect of the use of information technologies (IT) on growth due to the accumulation of IT capital taking place within all industries; on the other hand the contribution of the production of ICT to growth due to the strong total factor productivity (TFP) gains achieved in the industries producing ICT. We use individual company data aggregated by industry, which provide us with a measure of the firm's computer stock and makes a detailed investigation possible.     

Complementarities of human capital and information technology: small businesses,emerging economy context and the strategic role of firm resources

How information technology (IT) may complement other key firm resources such as human capital is a question that has drawn increasing attention from scholars and practitioners. Answers to this question are crucial for small businesses in today’s environment. These businesses face a growing demand for IT usage at the same time that they typically can count only on limited resources. This has become a common situation that is particularly critical for small businesses operating in developing countries with emerging economies. We develop propositions and test them with a dataset of service small businesses in an emerging economy. We find that the use of IT services is positively related to firm productivity and that this relationship is positively moderated by entrepreneurs’ management education. Our findings indicate that firm productivity is associated with a combination of human and technology resources.     

U.S. immigration regulations and India's information technology industry

The export-led growth of India's information technology (IT) industry has been nothing short of phenomenal over the past half-dozen years. Other studies have provided a number of explanations for the growth. This paper proposes that a significant factor has been overlooked or understated in prior explanations. Specifically, the Indian IT industry has utilized U.S. immigration regulations for competitive advantage to accelerate its growth. The importance of this factor is estimated through quantitative data analysis at the macro and firm levels. The analysis helps to explain why India's IT industry grew while that of other developing countries, with similar human capital resources and wage rates, did not. The U.S. Congress is currently debating U.S. immigration policies and may change them in the near future. Any changes will have significant effects on the future growth pattern of the Indian IT industry. Many developing countries have recognized India's success, and policymakers in those countries are implementing strategies to replicate it. The results from this study may help those policymakers better understand a key factor of India's success in exporting IT.     

All for one,one for all: Coopetition and virtual team performance

This study establishes a model based on coopetition theory to explain the formation of team performance in virtual teams. We tested the model in information technology (IT) organizations, and found applicability of coopetition in influencing team performance and knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing is indirectly influenced by team politics and social capital (i.e., trust, social interaction and shared vision) via the mediation of cooperation and competition, while team performance is indirectly affected by team politics and social capital via the mediation of cooperation, team emotional intelligence and team competence.     

发展中国家承接离岸服务外包竞争力的决定因素——基于26个主要接包国的面板数据研究

劳动力成本相对较高的发展中国家在承接离岸服务外包和保证服务提供质量方面具有优势。经济自由度较高、人力资本禀赋较丰富、IT基础设施水平较完善、服务业发展水平较高、官方语言或通用语言为英语的国家在承接离岸服务外包具有明显优势。在实证结果的基础上,本文提出了增强中国承接离岸服务外包竞争力的着力点。     

The economic contribution of the “C” in ICT: Evidence from OECD countries

Numerous studies have documented the contribution of ICT to growth. Less has been done on the contribution of communications technology, the “C” in ICT. We construct an international dataset of fourteen OECD countries and present contributions to growth for each ICT asset (IT hardware, CT equipment and software) using alternative ICT deflators. Using each country’s deflator we find that the contribution of CT capital deepening to productivity growth is lower in the EU than the US. Thus we ask: is that lower contribution due to a lower rate of CT investment or differing sources and methods for measurement of price change? We find that: (a) there are still considerable disparities in measures of ICT price change across countries; (b) in terms of growth-accounting, price harmonisation has a greater impact on the measured contributions of IT hardware and software in the EU relative to the US, than that of CT equipment; over 1996–2013, harmonising investment prices explains just 15% of the gap in the EU CT contribution relative to the US, compared to 25% for IT hardware; (c) over 1996–2013, CT capital deepening accounted for 0.11% pa (6% as a share) of labour productivity growth (LPG) in the US, compared to 0.03% pa (2.5% of LPG) in the EU-13 when using national accounts deflators; and (d) using OECD harmonised deflators, the figure for the EU-13 is raised to 0.04% pa (4% of LPG).     

中小企业发展电子商务对策研究

文章介绍了目前中小企业电子商务的应用现状,分析了制约中小企业发展电子商务的因素,指出了中小企业在开展电子商务中应遵循的基本原则,在这些原则的指引下提出了具体的发展电子商务的对策,对中小企业电子商务应用具有一定的参考价值。     

IT INVESTMENT AND INTANGIBLES: EVIDENCE FROM BANKS

This paper models the investment behavior of a multi‐asset firm with market power that accumulates valuable intangible assets to complement the IT capital. The investment model is estimated using data from Spanish banks on assets of different nature: material (branches, financial), immaterial (advertising and IT), and intangible (training of workers). The paper estimates that the representative bank spends five additional Euros per Euro invested in IT‐related assets in complementary intangible assets or, equivalently, intangibles amount to approximately 10 percent of the economic value of the representative bank. The remaining economic value is distributed between 28 percent from rents attributed to market power, and 62 percent to the cost of market‐purchased assets.     

论金融信息化对金融业的影响

在信息技术成果的广泛应用不断推动国民经济信息化进程的背景下，金融领域的信息化进程深刻地改变着金融活动与管理的内容、范围和方式。本旨在探讨金融信息化对金融业已经可能产生的广泛而深刻的影响。