Dictator games: a meta study

Over the last 25 years, more than a hundred dictator game experiments have been published. This meta study summarises the evidence. Exploiting the fact that most experiments had to fix parameters they did not intend to test, in multiple regression the meta study is able to assess the effect of single manipulations, controlling for a host of alternative explanatory factors. The resulting rich dataset also provides a testbed for comparing alternative specifications of the statistical model for analysing dictator game data. It shows how Tobit models (assuming that dictators would even want to take money) and hurdle models (assuming that the decision to give a positive amount is separate from the choice of amount, conditional on giving) provide additional insights.     

The Impact of Economic Sanctions on South African Exports

In the mid‐1980s many nations imposed sanctions on South African exports, most of which were subsequently removed during 1991–3. I estimate the effect of eight industrialized economies' sanctions on their imports from South Africa. Outliers are found to strongly influence the parameter estimates. Failure to take account of them leads to the conclusion that sanctions by the (then) European Communities most adversely affected South African exports. In fact, robustness checks reveal that the United States' Comprehensive Anti‐Apartheid Act played the largest role, reducing bilateral imports by a third. The broader implications of these findings for estimating gravity equations are discussed.     

When will a Dictator be Good?

Dictatorship is the predominant political system in many developing countries. However, different dictators act quite differently: a good dictator implements growth-enhancing economic policies, e.g., investment in public education and infrastructure, whereas a bad dictator taxes her citizens for her own consumption. The present paper provides a theoretical model by deriving underlying determinants of dictatorial behavior. We assume that the engine of economic growth is private investment. It can increase the productivity of individuals who invest, as well as the aggregate technological level. A good dictator encourages this investment in order to tax more. However, the cost of this encouragement is that the ensuing higher growth rate will induce earlier democratization. In this paper we will illustrate the risk of choosing a growth-enhancing policy, while leading to additional tax revenues in the short-run will also increase the likelihood of a revolution resulting in the eventual overthrow of the dictator. Furthermore, we will find that the higher the return from private investments the less likely the dictator will be a good one. Contrary to McGuire and Olson (J Econ Lit 34:72–96, 1996) we find that a long life-time does not always induce positive incentives among dictators. I wish to thank Monika Merz, who carefully read the earlier version of this paper and provided many valuable suggestions. I also would like to thank the editor, the anonymous referee, Uwe Sunde, Philipp Kircher and participants at the 4th international annual conference of JEPA for helpful comments. I am grateful to Stephan Heim for his assistance. All possible errors are, of course, mine.     

欧盟对外经济制裁政策评析

二战后,经济制裁一直是世界各国实现外交政策目标的重要手段之一.20世纪90年代以来,欧盟在国际上逐渐成为一个重要的经济制裁实施者,并将制裁政策纳入了其共同外交与安全政策之中.虽然欧盟对外经济制裁效果并不令人满意,甚至在对外经济制裁实施机制方面存在看冲突与困境,但欧盟制裁政策的目标、基本原则却日益凸现和完善.     

Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games

We conduct double-anonymous dictator experiments to explore the role of altruism in motivating subjects' behavior. We vary the extent to which an anonymous recipient is deserving of aid and investigate its effect on the allocation of a fixed pie by student subjects. This is accomplished by including as treatments: (1) an anonymous student subject and (2) an established charity. We find that a significant increase in donations occurs when we increase the extent to which a donation goes to a recipient generally agreed to be “deserving.” We conclude that subjects are rational in the way they incorporate fairness into their decisions.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: A13, C91, D64.     

国际环境协定的经济学分析及对国际经济的影响

随着世界经济的飞速发展,环境污染和生态破坏日益全球化.世界各国纷纷签订各种国际环境协定,希望通过加强国际合作,共同采取措施来解决全球环境问题.本文对国际环境双边和多边协定的制定和签署进行了经济效应分析,指出国际环境协定的实施将对各国总体的经济福利、国际资本流动、各国国际竞争力、产业结构调整以及环保科技进步等方面产生深远的影响.     

Investigating Donating Behavior Using Hypothetical Dictator Game Experiments

We conduct dictator game experiments to investigate donating behavior by simultaneously examining the time delay when the donee receives the donation and the individual characteristics of the donor. We show that donations decrease as the time delay rises and that gender, education level, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and utilitarianism affect donations independent of the time delay.     

中国实施反倾销措施的经济效应分析

随着世界经济贸易的发展 ,反倾销手段已逐步演化成各国保护国内产业的主要工具 ,其使用之频、效力之高已远远超过其它限制进口的手段。本文在总结中国反倾销实践特点的基础上 ,揭示了反倾销对国民经济的传递影响机制和广泛的经济效应 ,包括对产业的影响、对贸易的影响、对外资的影响和对社会福利的影响。     

论经济全球化过程中我国市场经济法律体系的构建

经济全球化过程中,世界贸易组织要求各成员国的立法符合市场经济体制的要求.为了维护我国国家主权和利益,必须在我国宪法确定的原则框架内,通过立法程序把世界贸易组织协议转化为国内法,完善我国市场经济法律体系.     

International Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth

This paper pulls together existing theory and evidence to assess whether international financial liberalization, by improving the functioning of domestic financial markets and banks, accelerates economic growth. The analysis suggests that the answer is "yes." First, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows tends to enhance stock market liquidity. n turn, enhanced stock market liquidity accelerates economic growth primarily by boosting productivity growth. Second, allowing greater foreign bank presence tends to enhance the efficiency of the domestic banking system. In turn, better-developed banks spur economic growth primarily by accelerating productivity growth. Thus, international financial integration can promote economic development by encouraging improvements in the domestic financial system.     

Principles of American International Economic Policy

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论国际移民与经济发展

国际移民作为一种历史产物和社会现象,与全球经济形势、各国的经济和社会发展状况等有着紧密的联系。当今国际人口迁徙数量的增长是经济全球化的直接产物,国际移民对接受国和原籍国的经济发展和社会生活都会产生重要影响。主要发达国家在调整其移民政策的同时,趋向进一步放宽对技术移民的准入,政策趋于务实;为实现互利共赢,加强协调,尽量减少或消除国际移民的消极作用,推动全球化朝有利于共同发展方向发展,各国政府对加强移民问题国际对话与合作持更加开放和积极的态度。     

Economic Education in an International Context

The authors explain the purpose and context for the 2009 International Symposium on Economic Education that was the source for articles on four nations with relatively developed systems for economic education: Australia, England, Japan, and Korea. The authors highlight several key comparisons from the four articles that appear in this Journal of Economic Education issue.     

区域经济一体化中的国际经济学

20世纪90年代以来,区域经济一体化出现了一些重要发展趋势。松散性经济一体化组织只能获得静态利益,而紧密性经济一体化组织既能得到静态利益,又能获得较大的动态利益。我国应从维护和增强自身利益出发,争取在比较有利的条件下加快与经济一体化的融合,又求经济现代化战略目标的最终实现。     

贸易制裁的影响及对策

随着国际间贸易的大幅度增长,贸易制裁也越来越多。近几年来中国出口高速增长,自然成为一些国家实施贸易制 裁的“靶子”。理论和实践都证明,制裁双方无赢家。面对不利影响,我国应积极应付,将不利影响降至最小。     

International Versus National Actions Against Nitrogen Pollution of the Baltic Sea

Large nitrogen loads to the Baltic Sea play an important role for currentdamages caused by eutrophication: large sea bottom areas without anybiological life, low stocks of cods, and toxic blue green algae. In spite of therelatively large supply of biological and physical data on the sea,difficulties remain with respect to linking costs of nitrogen reductions withthe dispersion of associated benefits among countries. The purpose of thisstudy is therefore to analyse and calculate efficient nitrogen reductionsand associated net benefits under international co-ordination of nitrogenreductions and single country actions for two different specifications ofmarginal benefits: uniform and differentiated. Further, comparisons aremade with the current ministerial agreement of 50 per cent nitrogenreduction to the Baltic Sea. The empirical results show that total netbenefits under internationally co-ordinated actions are considerablyhigher than when countries act on their own. Another result is thatdifferentiated benefits give higher total net benefits than uniform, and alsoimply larger differences in net benefits among countries. However, resultsindicate that uniform marginal benefits generate net benefits for allcountries from co-ordinated actions as compared to single country actions.