江苏农村家庭消费的动态特征、收入弹性和基本生活需求额

<正>本文在收集了1986年至1990年期间江苏农村家计调查资料基础上,深入分析了江苏农村家庭的消费以及消费结构的变化规律;探讨在这一经济波动周期内,农民的通货膨胀预期等消费心态变化对消费所产生的影响。同时还计算出各类消费的收入弹性,以定量地反映了农民收入和消费间的关系。此外,讨论了江苏农民对各类消费品的基本需求,以给出研究贫困状况的参考数据。 一、江苏农村消费规律的动态分析 本文分析了1986年到1990年五年期间江苏农民的消费总量与消费结构变化。家计调查的分组资料可以用来反映不同收入阶层的农民不同的消费结构,以揭示农民的消费结构随收入而变化的规律。 表1列出了江苏农民的各种边际消费倾向。并说明了以下几点特征: 1、在各类边际消费倾向中,住房的边际消费倾向最大(除1986年外)。以1990年为例,为农民收入增加一单位时,消费支出增加0.7057单位。其中,住房支出增加0.2846单位,食品支出增加0.2613单位,衣着、用品和非商品支出分别增加0.0414,0.0941和0.0241单位。燃料支出基本上与收入无关。     

中国农村不同收入水平消费需求实证分析

利用扩展线性支出系统模型对2009年中国农村居民的边际消费倾向、需求收入弹性、基本需求进行了实证分析.结果表明农村居民交通通讯、文教娱乐等边际消费倾向和需求收入弹性较高,食品弹性最低;农村低收入户各项基本需求都没得到满足,且中低收入户一些基本需求也没得到满足,收入差距问题依然严重.应提高低收入户和中低收入户收入;针对农村不同收入户,分层促进交通通讯、文教娱乐消费;发展食品生产等.     

提高农民收入与带动西部消费关系研究

本文通过对我国东西部农村居民的边际消费倾向与消费需求收入弹性大小的比较,探讨收入增长对西部消费需求扩大的影响,说明在东西部收入差距拉大的情况下,通过增加西部,尤其是西部农村的收入水平,从而启动西部市场,是提高我国消费需求的主要途径。     

湖南省农村家庭与全国农村家庭消费结构比较分析

从人均消费支出、平均消费倾向与边际消费倾向、消费需求弹性等方面比较分析湖南省与全国农村家庭消费水平与消费结构,结果显示,湖南省农村家庭人均生活消费支出高于全国农村家庭消费水平;二者的消费需求项目的侧重点基本一致,基本需求项目的边际消费倾向最大,而较高层次的需求项目还处于较低水平。湖南农村家庭的消费更受到了其收入增长水平缓慢的制约。建议开辟农村家庭创收渠道、改善农村消费环境、完善农村各项保障制度等以优化湖南省农村家庭消费结构。     

我国城乡居民收入与消费支出关系的实证研究——兼论影响农民收入及其差距的因素

通过城乡居民收入与消费支出关系的实证研究实证分析和比较得出,我国农民的收入与消费支出水平呈高度正相关关系,收入是影响农民消费最直接、最具决定性的因素,从而需要加大提高农民收入的力度.针对目前影响收入及其分配差距的因素,应当采取相应措施以缩小其收入差距并推动农民收入的提高,从而提高其边际消费倾向和农村消费水平.     

我国城乡居民文化消费的特征及趋势

对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)城乡居民的文化消费数据进行分析的结果表明,城乡居民文化消费边际消费倾向分别呈非对称的倒U型和较对称的倒U型,城镇居民文化边际消费倾向要大于农村居民。我国城乡居民的文化消费收入弹性已大于1,但城乡居民收入弹性分化明显,城镇居民明显高于农村居民。短期内要促进文化市场的大繁荣大发展,关键要促进城镇居民收入的增加。而从长期来看,未来文化消费市场的潜力在农村。     

扩大农村消费需求——基于边际消费倾向的分析

农村消费的扩大是启动内需的关键一环.文章以边际消费倾向为切入点,利用ELES模型估算了各类消费品的边际消费倾向及收入弹性,根据其实证分析结果,建议应优先关注和加强对居住、文教娱乐用品及服务、交通和通讯、医疗保健、家庭设备用品及服务这几大类消费品在农村市场上拓展的研究,采取积极措施扩大农村消费.     

基于误差修正模型的我国城乡居民消费差异研究

文章基于消费函数和误差修正模型,分别建立了我国农村和城镇居民消费的协整方程和误差修正模型,结果发现农村居民和城镇居民各自的收入和消费存在长期协整关系,并且这种关系由于体制改革和制度创新而发生了结构性变化。农村居民的边际消费倾向较高,收入不足才是农民消费需求不足的根源,因此扩大农民消费需求的政策着眼点应当放在促进农民增收、提高农民收入水平方面。对于城镇居民来说,其消费需求疲软主要是边际消费倾向较低造成的,要通过体制改革和制度创新提高城镇居民边际消费倾向以刺激城镇居民消费需求。     

城乡视角下的中国总体平均消费倾向——对1994-2010年的形成与变动实证解析

该文从阶层的角度,构建了总体平均消费倾向形成及变动的城乡核算方程,实证研究了1994-2010年间中国城乡阶层在总体平均消费倾向形成及变动中的影响,结果表明:中国总体平均消费倾向形成主要由城镇阶层决定;城镇阶层对总体平均消费倾向变动的总体影响为正,主要原因是城乡收入分配中城镇阶层收入份额的不断上升;农村阶层对总体平均消费倾向变动的总体影响为负,主要是城乡收入分配中农村阶层收入份额的不断下降所致。     

持久性收入对中国农民消费影响分析

运用弗里德曼的持久性收入假说分析我国农民的消费问题,并利用计量经济学的方法对中国历年农民消费统计数据进行分析,得出“持久性收入及持久性收入的边际消费倾向对我国现阶段农民消费支出影响较大”的结论,并从增加持久性收入和提高持久性收入的边际消费倾向两个方面就增加农民消费提出政策建议。     

Estimating Consumption Responses to Income Shocks of Different Persistence Using Self‐Reported Income Measures

Models of intertemporal consumption choice posit that consumption reacts more strongly to income shocks with persistent effects than to shocks with temporary effects. This prediction is tested using data from the Estonian Household Budget Surveys for 2002–07. Questions in the survey make it possible to distinguish between two income components of different persistence, using the individual households’ subjective income classification. Estimations confirm that households distinguish income components of different persistence and react to these differently; the consumption response to income shocks with persistent effects is significantly higher than the response to shocks with only temporary effects. Further analysis reveals, however, that consumption also reacts to lagged shocks to temporary income even when the households are not liquidity constrained, suggesting that their behavior is not fully consistent with the standard forward‐looking unconstrained consumption models.     

An empirical analysis of income disparity and consumption in China

Using China’s provincial data from 1991 to 2005, this paper analyzes the impact of urban income disparity on their consumption based on static and dynamic panel data models and state space model. The GMM and Kalman Filter methods are used in the estimation and the variables such as income and price are controlled. The empirical results show that the elasticity of permanent income to consumption is much higher than that of temporary income; and the impact of income disparity on consumption is negative and substantial. A rise of 0.01 in the absolute value of Gini coefficient will cause a reduction of 0.35% in consumption on average. The effects fluctuate with the change of economic structure, consumption expectation and economic cycle. In the beginning years of 1990s, it is positive to enlarge income disparity moderately for consumption. It is the year of 1996 that the negative effect first appears in China. During 1998–2004, an increase of 0.01 to the absolute value of Gini coefficient will result in the reduction of consumption to fluctuate between 0.37% and 0.54%. In order to enlarge domestic demand and promote consumption, the focus should be the improvement of permanent income instead of temporary income, and the vigorous policies to reduce income disparity.     

收入增长中城乡居民畜产品消费结构趋势实证研究——以浙江省为例

基于浙江省城乡居民固定观测点的调查数据,细分不同产品种类,采用扩展线形支出系统（ELES）模型,实证研究了收入增长过程中城乡居民畜产品消费结构的变动趋势。研究结果显示：随着人均收入的增加,浙江省城镇居民畜产品的消费变化主要表现为猪肉消费的减少及奶类消费的增加;农村居民对家禽类产品有较高的边际预算份额及较大的需求收入弹性。     

THE BUILT-IN FLEXIBILITY OF INCOME AND CONSUMPTION TAXES IN NEW ZEALAND

This paper provides estimates of individual and aggregate revenue elasticities of income and consumption taxes in New Zealand, based on the 2001 tax structure and expenditure patterns. Using analytical expressions for revenue elasticities at the individual and aggregate levels, together with a simulated income distribution, values for New Zealand were obtained. Results using equi-proportional income changes suggest that the aggregate income and consumption tax revenue elasticities are both fairly constant as mean income increases, at around 1.3 and 0.95 respectively. This latter estimate assumes that increases in disposable income are accompanied by approximately proportional increases in total expenditure. If there is a tendency for the savings proportion to increase as disposable income increases, a somewhat lower total consumption tax revenue elasticity, of around 0.9, is obtained for 2001 income levels. However, non-equiproportional income changes are more realistic. Allowing for regression towards the geometric mean income reduces these elasticities, giving an elasticity for income and consumption taxes combined that is only slightly above unity. Examination of the tax-share weighted expenditure elasticities for various goods also revealed that, despite the adoption of a broad based GST at a uniform rate in New Zealand, the persistence of various excises has an important effect on the overall consumption tax revenue elasticity, especially for individuals at relatively low income levels.     

农户家庭消费结构的区位差异分析——基于河南16村1000农户的实证

文章运用ELES模型对农户家庭消费结构进行了分析,结果表明:农户目前仍处于低水平消费阶段,生存性消费远高于发展类消费;农户基本消费需求随经济区位变化的敏感性高于自然区位,且在生存类与发展类上存在较大差异;不同区位农户基本消费需求的满足程度各异,其中优势区农户的满足度较高;农户边际消费倾向总体偏低,但优势区农户生存类消费与弱势区农户发展类消费的边际倾向均较高;不同区域各类型户收入弹性的变动幅度较大,差异格局明显。     

持久收入假说与我国城镇居民消费——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

运用基于持久收入和暂时收入的两种分解方法的省际面板模型检验持久收入假说的三个假设.结果发现,我国城镇居民消费与持久收入和暂时收入均存在显著的相关关系,暂时收入的边际消费倾向不为零;就诸省份而言,暂时收入的边际消费倾向不同.进一步探讨了持久收入假说不能完全解释我国城镇居民消费行为的原因."λ假说"检验表明,城镇居民消费对当期收入过度敏感,其呈现理性化趋势.     

碳税再循环分配效应演化博弈研究

促进企业低碳生产和消费者绿色消费,是在社会经济高质量发展条件下实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的充分保障。构建由地方政府、企业和居民多主体构成的碳税再循环系统,结合当前中国国民收入水平和低碳经济发展状况,利用三方演化博弈理论研究多主体策略选择的演化过程,并应用Python程序设计语言对整个演化过程进行数值仿真,探究地方政府不同的补贴策略、产品的收入需求弹性和需求价格弹性等变量对碳税再循环分配效应的影响。研究结果表明：在低碳补贴和收入补贴策略之间,地方政府实施前者更能够促进居民绿色消费和企业低碳生产,但实施后者有利于改善收入不平等问题,同时产品的收入需求弹性和需求价格弹性差异也会影响地方政府碳税返还政策的效果。     

我国流转税收入分配效应的实证分析

对2002-2009年我国增值税、消费税和营业税在不同收入户城镇居民间的分布及其对收入分配的影响进行综合分析,可得出三点基本判断:一是增值税表现出明显的累退性,且累退的症结在于适用低税率商品的消费需求缺乏收入弹性;二是不同消费品的调节效果相互抵消,消费税对收入分配的整体影响并不明显,但呈逐步向累进性发展的趋势;三是营业税表现出稳定的累进性。全部流转税呈现非常轻微的累退性,决定流转税收入调节效果的主导因素是消费品的需求收入弹性。通过恰当选择课税对象和实施差别税率,特定流转税完全有可能起到缩小收入分配差距的作用。     

Neoclassical life-cycle consumption: a textbook example

Summary.   We present a simple neoclassical life-cycle model in continuous time, in which the effects of endogenous labor supply, uncertain lifetime, and family composition on consumption and income profiles are jointly analyzed. Due to a parsimonious specification, analytical solutions for consumption growth are available for constant intertemporal elasticity of substitution preferences. Without relying on borrowing constraints, the model can generate a hump in the consumption profile, and a comovement of consumption and income during working life. Received: June 9, 1999; revised version: October 4, 1999